Cumulative percentage of flowering-induced plants in the different treatment combinations in cv. Smooth Cayenne, Experiments 3 and 4, until the harvesting of the fruits on the last naturally induced plants.

<p>AFI: Artificially flowering-induced plants (including all four AFI treatment combinations); NFI: Naturally flowering-induced plants. In February 2013, decision was made to stop the regular checking of inflorescence emergence. AMI: Artificially maturity-induced fruits; NMI: Naturally maturity-induced fruits. FH: Farmers’ harvesting practice; OH: Optimum harvest.</p

Computed CO₂ distribution in wheat leaf.

<p>The ambient conditions were 350 µmol mol⁻¹ CO₂, 21% O₂,  = 1000 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and  = 25°C. Concentrations are expressed in µmol m⁻³.</p

Initial eigenvalues and rotation sums of squared loadings of 17 principal components based on 17 morphological traits measured on 182 rice accessions.

<p>Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.</p

Variation in mean air temperature and monthly rainfall during the experimentation period (February 2010 to July 2013).

<p>Variation in mean air temperature and monthly rainfall during the experimentation period (February 2010 to July 2013).</p

Reconstructed microscale geometry based on microscopic images of wheat leaf tissue and scheme of fluxes of CO₂ species through different compartments of the mesophyll cell.

<p>(A) Reconstructed microscale geometry based on microscopic images of wheat leaf tissue <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048376#pone.0048376-Hu1" target="_blank">[35]</a>. The adaxial surface is at the bottom. E, epidermis; I, intercellular space; M, mesophyll cell; P, phloem; and X, xylem. (B) Detail of reconstructed mesophyll cells in computer model. Chl, chloroplast layer; Cyto, cytoplasm; Cw, cell wall; Vac, vacuole.(C) Scheme of fluxes of CO₂ species through different compartments of the mesophyll cell and corresponding resistances. The resistances due to the epidermis, stomata and intercellular space are not included in this scheme. The symbols <i>C</i> and <i>r</i> indicate CO₂concentration and resistance, respectively. The subscripts <i>i</i>, <i>w</i>, <i>cyto</i>, <i>c</i>, <i>vac</i> and <i>mem</i> indicate intercellular space, cell wall, cytoplasm, chloroplast, vacuole and membrane, respectively. The resistance of double membrane- chloroplast envelope was modeled as twice the resistance of the phospholipid membrane. <i>A_G</i> is the gross photosynthesis rate; <i>R_d</i> is respiration.</p

Physical parameters of the microscale gas exchange model.

(a)<p>Lide <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048376#pone.0048376-Lide1" target="_blank">[43]</a>,</p>(b)<p>Geers and Gros <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048376#pone.0048376-Geers1" target="_blank">[76]</a>,</p>(c)<p>Gutknecht et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048376#pone.0048376-Gutknecht1" target="_blank">[47]</a>,</p>(d)<p>Jolly <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048376#pone.0048376-Jolly1" target="_blank">[77]</a>.</p><p>Symbols are defined in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048376#pone-0048376-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Percentage of total fruits per treatment being non-exportable to European markets and falling within different set of quality criteria combinations in cv. Sugarloaf.

<p>^a Artificially maturity-induced fruits.</p><p>^b Naturally maturity-induced fruits.</p><p>^c FH: Farmers’ harvest practice.</p><p>^d Optimum harvest.</p><p>^e Quality criteria in <b>bold</b> refer to the quality criteria that do not respond to the quality requirement in the European markets.</p><p>^f Numbers in <b>bold</b> refer to where a huge number of pineapple fruits are not exportable to Europe.</p><p>Percentage of total fruits per treatment being non-exportable to European markets and falling within different set of quality criteria combinations in cv. Sugarloaf.</p

A Microscale Model for Combined CO₂ Diffusion and Photosynthesis in Leaves

<div><p>Transport of CO₂ in leaves was investigated by combining a 2-D, microscale CO₂ transport model with photosynthesis kinetics in wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) leaves. The biophysical microscale model for gas exchange featured an accurate geometric representation of the actual 2-D leaf tissue microstructure and accounted for diffusive mass exchange of CO_2. The resulting gas transport equations were coupled to the biochemical Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry model for photosynthesis. The combined model was evaluated using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements on wheat leaves. In general a good agreement between model predictions and measurements was obtained, but a discrepancy was observed for the mesophyll conductance at high CO₂ levels and low irradiance levels. This may indicate that some physiological processes related to photosynthesis are not incorporated in the model. The model provided detailed insight into the mechanisms of gas exchange and the effects of changes in ambient CO₂ concentration or photon flux density on stomatal and mesophyll conductance. It represents an important step forward to study CO₂ diffusion coupled to photosynthesis at the leaf tissue level, taking into account the leaf's actual microstructure.</p> </div

P values of the F ratios from ANOVA for the effects of flowering induction practice, fruit maturity induction practice, harvesting practice and their interactions on average infructescence, crown and fruit weights and ratio crown: infructescence length in the two experiments per cultivar.

<p>* Significant at the 0.05 probability level</p><p>** Significant at the 0.01 probability level</p><p>*** Significant at the 0.001 probability level</p><p>Values in <b>bold</b> indicate the P-value considered to establish the effect (main or interaction) of the flowering induction practice, the maturity induction practice or the harvesting practice.</p><p>P values of the F ratios from ANOVA for the effects of flowering induction practice, fruit maturity induction practice, harvesting practice and their interactions on average infructescence, crown and fruit weights and ratio crown: infructescence length in the two experiments per cultivar.</p

Effects of flowering induction practice, maturity induction practice and harvesting practice on the percentages of fruits that are exportable and non-exportable to European markets in cvs Sugarloaf (Experiments 1 and 2) and Smooth Cayenne (Experiments 3 and 4).

<p>AMI: Artificially maturity-induced fruits; NMI: Naturally maturity-induced fruits; FH: Farmers’ harvesting practice; OH: Optimum harvest. Similar <i>small</i> letters aligned close to the bars filled in black indicate that differences between the percentages of exportable fruits following the flowering induction practice are not significant based on the ANOVA results (consider P-values in bold in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0143290#pone.0143290.t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>). Similar <i>capital</i> letters aligned close to the bars filled in black indicate that differences between the percentages of exportable fruits following the maturity induction practice are not significant based on the ANOVA results (consider P- values in bold in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0143290#pone.0143290.t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>). Similar <i>small</i> letters in <i>italic</i> aligned close to the bars filled in black indicate that differences between the percentages of exportable fruits following the harvesting practice are not significant based on the ANOVA results (consider P-values in bold in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0143290#pone.0143290.t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>). In case of interactions all means are compared at LSD_0.05.</p