Janeway: a scholarly communications platform

An article about the scholarly communications technology that we are building in the Centre for Technology and Publishing at Birkbeck

Chapter 8 Comparative Biogeography of Marine Invaders Across Their Native and Introduced Ranges

Biological invasions continue to exert extensive environmental and economic impacts. Understanding why some introduced species become invasive is critical to their management. Determining the mechanisms underpinning invasion success has focussed on aspects of the ecology and physiology of the species in the introduced range. Through the application of biogeographic approaches, however, a growing body of research highlights insights that stem from studying invasion success as a biogeographic issue. In particular, a comparison of both biogeographic regions (i.e., the native and invasive ranges) allows exclusive insight into seven different major biogeographic hypotheses that we identified to explain invader success. These include the enemy release hypothesis, niche shifts, trait differences, the evolution of invasiveness, native allies, environmental matching, and genetic diversity. All imply a difference or gradient between the ranges that may mechanistically explain an invader’s differential performance. This review summarises the support for these seven different theories underpinning the biogeography of marine invasions, and also provides case studies for different theories addressing the comparative biogeography of marine invasions. Additionally, we catalogue the geographic regions of the invasive species used in biogeographic comparisons and the diversity of species, habitats and climate zones examined. Finally, we highlight critical knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions for improving our understanding the processes driving invasion success

Man/machine interaction in computer assisted page layout

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1981.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING.Bibliography: leaves 46-47.by Paul Byers Trevithick.B.S

Variable direct and indirect effects of a habitat-modifying invasive species on mortality of native fauna

Habitat-modifying invasive species can influence rates of predation on native prey either directly by providing protective structure or indirectly by modifying traits of prey species responding to the habitat. The alga Caulerpa taxifolia is one of the most successful invasive species of shallow-water marine systems globally, often provisioning habitat in areas previously lacking in vegetated structure. We experimentally evaluated the direct effect of Caulerpa to provide refuge for the native clam Anadara trapezia and how this balances with its influence on two trait-mediated indirect interactions that may increase Anadara\u27s susceptibility to predators. Specifically, Caulerpa\u27s alteration of physical and chemical properties of the surrounding water and sediment deteriorate Anadara\u27s condition and predator resistance properties and also cause Anadara, though normally buried, to project from beneath the sediment, exposing it to predators. Our results show that Anadara are somewhat (but not consistently) protected from predators by living among Caulerpa. Shallow burial depth did not counteract this protective effect. However at times of year when predator activity diminishes and conducive environmental conditions develop, negative effects of Caulerpa habitat such as hypoxia and lowered flow may dominate. Under such situations, poor clam condition accentuates Anadara\u27s susceptibility to mortality. Ultimately, a slight and inconsistent positive effect of Caulerpa to protect Anadara from predators is exceeded by the strong negative effect of Caulerpa on clam mortality, which is heightened by clams\u27 weakened condition produced by chronic exposure to Caulerpa. Our results show that invasive habitat-modifying species can affect mortality of native species not simply through obvious positive direct effects of their protective structure, but indirectly through contrasting negative modification of the traits of prey species responding to the habitat

Case Report of Myopericarditis post COVID-19 Vaccinations in the first female young adult in MS

Background: The advent of COVID-19 vaccinations saw a rise in myopericarditis cases among young adults all over the United States, especially among males. As of June 11, 2021, 21.5 million second doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered in the age group 12 to 29, with 455 reported cases of myocarditis. Purpose: This report outlines a case of myopericarditis diagnosed in the first female young adult in the state of Mississippi after administering the second dose of the Pfizer- BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. The purpose of this case report is to discuss the presentation of myocarditis in a female patient, and the implications of vaccine use in the future. Conclusion: Myocarditis was found to be a rare occurrence among those vaccinated (risk of 0.0021%) compared to those who contract the COVID-19 infection (risk of 0.098%). ACIP recommends COVID-19 vaccinations to be administered in all age groups given the high risk-benefit ratio. In the meantime, CDC continues to investigate myocarditis cases post COVID-19 vaccinations and have found majority of these individuals to have recovered completely. However, the long-term effects of myopericarditis post vaccinations have yet to be determined

Invasive ecosystem engineer selects for different phenotypes of an associated native species

Invasive habitat-forming ecosystem engineers modify the abiotic environment and thus represent a major perturbation to many ecosystems. Because native species often persist in these invaded habitats but have no shared history with the ecosystem engineer, the engineer may impose novel selective pressure on native species. In this study, we used a phenotypic selection framework to determine whether an invasive habitat-forming ecosystem engineer (the seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia) selects for different phenotypes of a common cooccurring native species (the bivalve Anadara trapezia). Compared to unvegetated habitat, Caulerpa habitat has lower water flow, lower dissolved oxygen, and sediments are more silty and anoxic. We determined the performance consequences of variation in key functional traits that may be affected by these abiotic changes (shell morphology, gill mass, and palp mass) for Anadara transplanted into Caulerpa and unvegetated habitat. Both linear and nonlinear performance gradients in Anadara differed between habitats, and these gradients were stronger in Caulerpa compared to unvegetated sediment. Moreover, in Caulerpa alternate phenotypes performed well, and these phenotypes were different from the dominant phenotype in unvegetated sediment. By demonstrating that phenotype-performance gradients differ between habitats, we have highlighted a role for Caulerpa as an agent of selection on native species

Reversed papilledema in an MPS VI patient with galsulfase (Naglazyme®) therapy

MPS VI (mucopolysaccharidosis VI, known as Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome) is a multi-systemic inherited disease, resulting from a deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, causing accumulation of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) dermatan sulfate in all tissues. It is one of almost 50 lysosomal storage disorders. Ocular pathology is common in patients with MPS VI, with complications including ocular hypertension, progressive corneal clouding, optic nerve swelling (or papilledema) often associated with communicating hydrocephalus (Ashworth et al., Eye 20(5), 553–563, 2006; Goldberg et al., AJO 69(6), 969–975), and raised intracranial pressure (ICP) progressing to atrophy with loss of vision (Goodrich et al., Loss of vision in MPS VI is a consequence of increased intracranial pressure, 2002). This is the first case report of reversed papilledema and improved visual acuity in an 11-year-old MPS VI patient receiving galsulfase (Naglazyme®), an enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) of recombinant human arylsulfatase B (rhASB) (Harmatz et al., J Pediatr 148(4), 533–539, 2006)