Transient Monitoring Function based Fault Classifier for Relaying Applications

This paper proposes Transient monitoring function (TMF) based fault classification approach for transmission line protection. The classifier provides accurate results under various system conditions involving fault resistance, inception angle, location and load angle. The transient component during fault is measured by TMF and appropriate logics applied for fault classification. Simulation studies using MATLAB®/SIMULINK™ are carried out for a 400 kV, 50 Hz power system with variable system conditions. Results show that the proposed classifier has high classification accuracy. The method developed has been compared with a fault classification technique based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The proposed technique can be implemented for real time protection schemes employing distance relaying

Cell cultures and molecular investigation on Polygonum tinctorium and Indigofera tinctoria plants to understand indican biosynthesis

Indican biosynthesis in Indigofera tinctoria and Polygonum tinctorium plants is of topical interest due to its academic and industrial relevance for indigo dye production. Dye yield depends on indican content in the plant biomass. Cell culture and molecular biological investigations were carried out to assess indican biosynthesis in these plants. Tissue culture protocols were optimized for explant identification, decontamination, in vitro culture medium & suitable growth regulators and culture conditions for P. tinctorium at Okayama University of Science, and I. tinctoria at CSIR-NEERI. Four different growth hormones i.e. BA, Kin, NAA, 2,4-D, at 0.01 –2 mg L-1 culture medium, in random combination, and two different explants i.e. leaf and internode of both plants were experimented. In both plants, callus proliferation was better from leaf tissue with growth index (GI) up to 10 on MS agar gelled medium fortified with BA+NAA in comparison to BA+2,4-D. Suspension cell cultures of I. tinctorium were induced in MS liquid medium with only 2,4-D through 3 stages with GI up to 30. In vitro raised cell biomass of I. tinctorium presented higher indican synthesis (p> 0.5) in comparison to that of P. tinctorium. Both of these plants synthesize indican, but the differential response under in vitro is interesting. Total transcriptomes of both plants were worked out and annotated. Comparative analysis of transcriptome profile indicated >80% genes are similar for the indican biosynthetic pathways. Complete alignment of both transcriptomes and validation for biosynthesis pathways specific genes is needed in both the plants to ascertain their differential expression

WMO Assessment of Weather and Climate Mortality Extremes: Lightning, Tropical Cyclones, Tornadoes, and Hail

A World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Climatology international panel was convened to examine and assess the available evidence associated with five weather-related mortality extremes: 1) lightning (indirect), 2) lightning (direct), 3) tropical cyclones, 4) tornadoes, and 5) hail. After recommending for acceptance of only events after 1873 (the formation of the predecessor of the WMO), the committee evaluated and accepted the following mortality extremes: 1) “highest mortality (indirect strike) associated with lightning” as the 469 people killed in a lightning-caused oil tank fire in Dronka, Egypt, on 2 November 1994; 2) “highest mortality directly associated with a single lightning flash” as the lightning flash that killed 21 people in a hut in Manica Tribal Trust Lands, Zimbabwe (at time of incident, eastern Rhodesia), on 23 December 1975; 3) “highest mortality associated with a tropical cyclone” as the Bangladesh (at time of incident, East Pakistan) cyclone of 12–13 November 1970 with an estimated death toll of 300 000 people; 4) “highest mortality associated with a tornado” as the 26 April 1989 tornado that destroyed the Manikganj district, Bangladesh, with an estimated death toll of 1300 individuals; and 5) “highest mortality associated with a hailstorm” as the storm occurring near Moradabad, India, on 30 April 1888 that killed 246 people. These mortality extremes serve to further atmospheric science by giving baseline mortality values for comparison to future weather-related catastrophes and also allow for adjudication of new meteorological information as it becomes available

Small-scale cosmic ray anisotropy observed by the GRAPES-3 experiment at TeV energies

GRAPES-3 is a mid-altitude (2200 m) and near equatorial ($11.4^{\circ}$ North) air shower array, overlapping in its field of view for cosmic ray observations with experiments that are located in Northern and Southern hemispheres. We analyze a sample of $3.7\times10^9$ cosmic ray events collected by the GRAPES-3 experiment between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2016 with a median energy of $\sim16$ TeV for study of small-scale ($<60^{\circ}$) angular scale anisotropies. We observed two structures labeled as A and B, deviate from the expected isotropic distribution of cosmic rays in a statistically significant manner. Structure `A' spans $50^{\circ}$ to $80^{\circ}$ in the right ascension and $-15^{\circ}$ to $30^{\circ}$ in the declination coordinate. The relative excess observed in the structure A is at the level of $(6.5\pm1.3)\times10^{-4}$ with a statistical significance of 6.8 standard deviations. Structure `B' is observed in the right ascension range of $110^{\circ}$ to $140^{\circ}$. The relative excess observed in this region is at the level of $(4.9\pm1.4)\times10^{-4}$ with a statistical significance of 4.7 standard deviations. These structures are consistent with those reported by Milagro, ARGO-YBJ, and HAWC. These observations could provide a better understanding of the cosmic ray sources, propagation and the magnetic structures in our Galaxy