Brain response to face primes and relation to behavior.

<p>(A) Group-level contrast map (p<0.001 uncorrected) showing greater response in face-responsive cortices in trials containing a prime (versus baseline trials without prime). Note that the amygdala was not observed in this contrast. (B) Plot of parameter estimates in the right FFA as defined by the face localizer (error bars correspond to 90% confidence interval). (C) Contrast map from the face localizer showing amygdala response to faces (vs. houses). Coordinates were used to extract beta estimates in the contrast prime>no prime yet we observed no effect of emotion. (D) Interestingly, the lowest the subject’s mean confidence in prime detection, the highest the amygdala response to primes (contrast maps overlaid on the average anatomical image of the group). Abbreviations stand for trials with fearful (Fea) or neutral primes (Neu), temporally expected (Att) or unexpected targets (Unat), prime-target gender congruence (Cong) or incongruence (Incong).</p

Influence of Temporal Expectations on Response Priming by Subliminal Faces - Fig 6

<p><b>Effect of temporal attention on prime-target gender congruence</b> (A) Group-level contrast showing the combined effects of gender incongruence and unexpected targets in (A) left anterior insula and (C) right IPS. (B-D) show corresponding mean group parameter estimates (same conventions as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164613#pone.0164613.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>). Note that this effect was not present when incongruent primes were attended and that the pattern of activity mirrors the RT data.</p

Participants’ behavior in the high power phase of the Inequality Game.

<p>Participants’ economic choices (A) and feedback choices (B). For completeness, the corresponding behavior of the fair and unfair other in the low power phase is displayed on the right-hand side of each plot. Charts depict means and 2 standard errors of the mean. ***<i>p</i> < .001; **<i>p</i> < .01.</p

Effect of temporal attention on fearful primes.

<p>(A) Group-level contrast map (p<0.001 uncorrected) showing greater responses in left parahippocampal gyrus on trials with fearful prime (vs neutral). (B) Contrast map and (C) group parameter estimates illustrating the attention-by-emotion interaction in bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, indicating that temporal attention specifically enhanced the processing of fearful primes relative to neutral or unattended primes (same conventions as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164613#pone.0164613.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>).</p

Protocol and behavioral data for the fMRI task.

<p>(A) In each trial, subjects saw a male of female target face preceded by a short or long series of noise masks (note that faces used were from the Karolinska database and were equated for luminance, they were not the example faces used in the figure). Subjects were asked to make a fast gender decision on the final target face. At the start of each trial, a word cue (the word <i>short</i> or <i>long</i>) indicated with 75% validity the time at which the target face would appear. 100 ms before the target face appeared, we presented a fearful or a neutral subliminal face (prime) or a noise mask (baseline) for 33 ms, which was both forward and backward masked by the noise masks. Gender of the subliminal face was either congruent or incongruent with the target face, while its expression was either fearful or neutral (orthogonally to other factors). (B) Response times (RTs) show that attention and gender congruence speeded correct responses. This effect did not occur on the unexpected incongruent trials (*p < .05). (C) Mean performance during target-gender decision demonstrated that more errors were made when prime gender was incongruent with target gender in expected trials (**p < .01). We have received informed consent according to Plos guidelines from the 4 individuals portrayed here.</p

Effect of prime > baseline trials.

<p>Effect of prime > baseline trials.</p

Behavioral data for the prime visibility control task.

<p>Assessment of prime visibility and gender awareness was performed after the fMRI experiment. (A) Performance of the group for detecting the presence and the content of face primes. (B) Plot of individual’s hit rate against false alarm (FA) rates for detecting the presence of the prime or (C) recognizing its gender. There was a large inter-individual variability in prime detection scores despite a general inability to consciously access gender information (note that subjects were informed of the occasional presence of primes in the behavioral test after the fMRI experiment, but not before scanning).</p

Effect of temporal attention.

<p>(A-C) Group-level contrast map and (B-D) mean group parameter estimates showing the effect of attention reorienting (i.e. unexpected > expected trials) in right IFG and left TPJ (same conventions as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164613#pone.0164613.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>).</p

Trial timeline of the Inequality Game, depicted for the high power phase.

<p>After player selection, the photographs of both paired players were presented, along with their assignment to control the lines (high power) or the columns (low power). The payoff structure of a new trial was shown for 4 s. The participant (here Nicolas, in green) then chose one of the two lines. After displaying the participant’s choice, the ostensible other (here Jean, in blue) made a decision. The common choice (Final Result) determined the payoff (here: 8 CHF for Nicolas and 1 CHF for Jean). Half of the economic interactions were followed by feedback trials. Here, the player with high power (green) had the opportunity to select between one of four feedback choices for the other, which were subsequently displayed. In the low power phase, the participant was in control of the columns (blue).</p

Effect of fearful primes and of temporal attention.

<p>Effect of fearful primes and of temporal attention.</p