Innovation as a response to the climactic crisis

editorial reviewed2. Zero hunger8. Decent work and economic growth12. Responsible consumption and production15. Life on lan

Root-emitted volatile organic compounds: can they mediate belowground plant-plant interactions?

Background Aboveground, plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that act as chemical signals between neighbouring plants. It is now well documented that VOCs emitted by the roots in the plant rhizosphere also play important ecological roles in the soil ecosystem, notably in plant defence because they are involved in interactions between plants, phytophagous pests and organisms of the third trophic level. The roles played by root-emitted VOCs in between- and within-plant signalling, however, are still poorly documented in the scientific literature. Scope Given that (1) plants release volatile cues mediating plant-plant interactions aboveground, (2) roots can detect the chemical signals originating from their neighbours, and (3) roots release VOCs involved in biotic interactions belowground, the aim of this paper is to discuss the roles of VOCs in between- and within-plant signalling belowground. We also highlight the technical challenges associated with the analysis of root-emitted VOCs and the design of experiments targeting volatile-mediated root-root interactions. Conclusions We conclude that root-root interactions mediated by volatile cues deserve more research attention and that both the analytical tools and methods developed to study the ecological roles played by VOCs in interplant signalling aboveground can be adapted to focus on the roles played by root-emitted VOCs in between- and within-plant signalling

Pilot scale biotransformation of vegetal oil into natural green note flavor using sugar beet leaves as sources of hydroperoxide lyase

Natural green note aromas (GLVs) are highly attractive flavors commonly used in the food industry. These are produced in extremely low levels upon physiological stress in plant organs of any sort. This weak sporadic presence entails a very expensive extraction step to obtain pure GLVs. Therefore catalytic biotransformations of fatty acid sources, the initial substrate for GLVs, have been developed. Enzymatic defense pathways and particularly the LOX pathway produce the major part of GLVs. Unlike GLV molecules that are emitted in the atmosphere, the enzymes are extractible from the plant material. Thus, a combination of plant enzyme extracts and substrate preparations provides all the ingredients for GLV production. Besides, sugar beet leaves present high levels of hydroperoxide lyase among plant sources and are available in large amounts during three months. In this enzymatic pathway, fatty acids are successively transformed by lipase, lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase into aldehydes and alcohols, final compounds of GLVs pathway. Limiting and problematic steps occur with the action of hydroperoxide lyase, when enzymatic catalysis is followed by an enzyme destabilization. Alternative substrates bind irreversibly to the heme group of the enzyme and end the reaction. This poster briefly describes the development of a complete bioprocess for natural GLV production, from hydrolysis to purification. A high level of biotransformation could be achieved using optimum experimental conditions and a cheap source of plant materials

Use of molecular dynamics simulations to study the interactions between barley allelochemicals and plant plasma membrane

Gramine and hordenine, two alkaloids produced by barley, were shown to inhibit the growth of a common weed (Matricaria recutita L.). This feature could be useful in order to reach a more sustainable weeds management. In vitro experiments have proven that both molecules do interact with lipid bilayers (made of a phosphatidylglycerol (PG) lipid) mimicking plant plasma membranes and are able to modify some of their properties. Moreover, gramine was shown to be more effective than hordenine in both inhibiting weeds growth and altering lipid bilayers properties, suggesting that interactions with membranes could be linked to their mode of action. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out in order to get an insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie these interactions with model membranes and to discriminate between gramine behavior and hordenine behavior

Impacts of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria-based Biostimulants on Wheat Growth under Greenhouse and Field Conditions

Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are one of the main biostimulant classes due to their capacity of stimulating root growth and enhancing soil mineral availability, hence increasing nutrient use efficiency in crops. The aim of this study is to screen commercially PGPR-containing products to enhance wheat growth and yield in combination with an optimized nitrogen (N) fertilizer application scheme. This could lead to a significant reduction of N fertilizer application without affecting the subsequent grain yields. The screened products collection includes (1) Mix1 (a mix of Azospirillum sp., Azorhizobium sp., and Azoarcus sp.), (2) Mix2 (a mix of Mix1 complemented with two strains of phosphorus-solubilizing Bacillus sp.), (3) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens a, (4) B. subtilis, and (5) B. amyloliquefaciens b. These biostimulants were screened under greenhouse and field conditions in 2014 by using spring and winter wheat varieties respectively. There was a significant increase in root dry weight and in root per shoot ratio of plants inoculated with Mix1. Under field conditions, the interaction between PGPR inoculation and N fertilizer application was assessed. The grain yield was negatively impacted by low N fertilizer applications. Under such conditions, the inoculation of the wheat rhizosphere with Bacillus subtilis increased the grain yield by 15% relative to the water control. However, in the field trial, the variability between plot replicates was high and lead to non-significant results. Based on those results, modified screening strategies for PGPR selection were set up for the 2015 trials to reduce field variability and possibly achieve higher yield increases

Reprogramming of fatty acid and oxylipin synthesis in rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance in tomato

The rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida BTP1 stimulates induced systemic resistance (ISR) in tomato. A previous work showed that the resistance is associated in leaves with the induction of the first enzyme of the oxylipin pathway, the lipoxygenase (LOX), leading to a faster accumulation of its product, the free 13-hydroperoxy octadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOT), 2 days after Botrytis cinerea inoculation. In the present study, we further investigated the stimulation of the oxylipin pathway: metabolites and enzymes of the pathway were analyzed to understand the fate of the 13-HPOT in ISR. Actually the stimulation began upstream the LOX: free linolenic acid accumulated faster in P. putida BTP1-treated plants than in control. Downstream, the LOX products 13-fatty acid hydroperoxides esterified to galactolipids and phospholipids were more abundant in bacterized plants than in control before infection. These metabolites could constitute a pool that will be used after pathogen attack to produce free fungitoxic metabolites through the action of phospholipase A2, which is enhanced in bacterized plants upon infection. Enzymatic branches which can use as substrate the fatty acid hydroperoxides were differentially regulated in bacterized plants in comparison to control plants, so as to lead to the accumulation of the most fungitoxic compounds against B. cinerea. Our study, which is the first to demonstrate the accumulation of an esterified defense metabolite during rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance, showed that the oxylipin pathway is differentially regulated. It suggests that this allows the plant to prepare to a future infection, and to respond faster and in a more effective way to B. cinerea invasion.Peer reviewe

L’or vert du Gabon : une synthèse bibliographique de trente années de recherche sur l’okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana Pierre)

peer reviewedIntroduction. Aucoumea klaineana Pierre is the most harvested timber species in Central Africa and plays a key role in the economy of Gabon. This tree is considered “Vulnerable” for more than three decades by the IUCN because its population is assumed to have been reduced by at least 50% as a result of logging. The objective of this review is to synthesize recent and relevant knowledge in order to update this status. It focuses more specifically on ecology, population dynamics, silviculture and impacts of logging. Literature. Its natural range mainly covers Gabon. It is a light-demanding and gregarious species that forms root anastomoses. It principally establishes itself in abandoned fields and savannahs. In mature forest its regeneration is rare and limited to large gaps. Selective logging only allows significant regeneration along roads. However, at the scale of Gabon, the species is abundant and its renewal is ensured. Legal logging does not threaten the species. However, after decades of logging focusing on best shaped trees, a production of lower quality is feared. The implementation of a thoughtful silviculture could be a solution. Conclusions. Aucoumea klaineana is not vulnerable under IUCN A1 criterion. However, the maintenance of a high-quality production over the long term calls for the implementation of silviculture based on a thorough knowledge of the factors affecting stand dynamics, especially the role of the rhizosphere. Although long described, the functioning of root anastomoses has never been studied in depth.Introduction. Aucoumea klaineana Pierre est l’essence de production la plus exploitée d’Afrique centrale et elle joue un rôle fondamental dans l’économie du Gabon. Elle est considérée comme « Vulnérable » depuis plus de trois décennies par l’UICN car sa population est supposée avoir été réduite d’au moins 50 % à cause de l’exploitation forestière. L’objectif de cette revue est de synthétiser les connaissances récentes et pertinentes afin d’actualiser ce statut. Elle se concentre plus particulièrement sur l’écologie, la dynamique des populations, la sylviculture et les impacts de l’exploitation forestière. Littérature. Il s’agit d’une espèce quasi endémique au Gabon. Elle est héliophile, grégaire et forme des anastomoses racinaires. Elle se régénère principalement dans les champs abandonnés et les savanes. Sa régénération en forêt mature est rare et limitée aux trouées de grande dimension. L’exploitation forestière sélective ne permet une régénération significative que le long des routes. Toutefois, à l’échelle du Gabon, l’espèce est abondante et sa régénération assurée. L’exploitation forestière, si elle respecte les normes légales, ne menace pas l’espèce. Cependant, s’étant focalisée pendant des décennies sur les plus beaux pieds, une production de moindre qualité est redoutée. La mise en œuvre de plantations et d’autres méthodes de régénération pourraient y remédier. Conclusions. Aucoumea klaineana n’est pas une espèce vulnérable selon le critère A1 de l’UICN. Néanmoins, le maintien d’une production de qualité sur le long terme nécessite la mise en place d’une sylviculture basée sur une connaissance approfondie des facteurs affectant la dynamique des peuplements, notamment le rôle de la rhizosphère. Bien que des anastomoses racinaires aient été décrites depuis longtemps, leur fonctionnement n’a jamais été étudié

Plasticité developpementale de Brachypodium distachyon en réponse à la déficience en phosphore: modulation par inoculation de bactéries solubilisatrices du phosphate

peer reviewedMineral phosphorus (P) fertilisers must be used wisely in order to preserve rock phosphate, a limited and non-renewable resource. The use of bio-inoculants to improve soil nutrient availability and trigger an efficient plant response to nutrient deficiency is one potential strategy in the attempt to decrease P inputs in agriculture. An in vitro co-cultivation system was used to study the response of Brachypodium distachyon to contrasted P supplies (soluble and poorly soluble forms of P) and inoculation with P solubilizing bacteria. Brachypodium's responses to P conditions and inoculation with bacteria were studied in terms of developmental plasticity and P use efficiency. Brachypodium showed plasticity in its biomass allocation pattern in response to variable P conditions, specifically by prioritizing root development over shoot productivity under poorly soluble P conditions. Despite the ability of the bacteria to solubilize P, shoot productivity was depressed in plants inoculated with bacteria, although the root system development was maintained. The negative impact of bacteria on biomass production in Brachypodium might be attributed to inadequate C supply to bacteria, an increased competition for P between both organisms under P-limiting conditions, or an accumulation of toxic bacterial metabolites in our cultivation system. Both P and inoculation treatments impacted root system morphology. The modulation of Brachypodium’s developmental response to P supplies by P solubilizing bacteria did not lead to improved P use efficiency. Our results support the hypothesis that plastic responses of Brachypodium cultivated under P-limited conditions are modulated by P solubilizing bacteria. The considered experimental context impacts plant–bacteria interactions. Choosing experimental conditions as close as possible to real ones is important in the selection of P solubilizing bacteria. Both persistent homology and allometric analyses proved to be useful tools that should be considered when studying the impact of bio-inoculants on plant development in response to varying nutritional context

Gabon's green gold: a bibliographical review of thirty years of research on okoume (Aucoumea klaineana Pierre)

Introduction. Aucoumea klaineana Pierre is the most harvested timber species in Central Africa and plays a key role in the economy of Gabon. This tree is considered “Vulnerable” for more than three decades by the IUCN because its population is assumed to have been reduced by at least 50% as a result of logging. The objective of this review is to synthesize recent and relevant knowledge in order to update this status. It focuses more specifically on ecology, population dynamics, silviculture and impacts of logging. Literature. Its natural range mainly covers Gabon. It is a light-demanding and gregarious species that forms root anastomoses. It principally establishes itself in abandoned fields and savannahs. In mature forest its regeneration is rare and limited to large gaps. Selective logging only allows significant regeneration along roads. However, at the scale of Gabon, the species is abundant and its renewal is ensured. Legal logging does not threaten the species. However, after decades of logging focusing on best shaped trees, a production of lower quality is feared. The implementation of a thoughtful silviculture could be a solution. Conclusions. Aucoumea klaineana is not vulnerable under IUCN A1 criterion. However, the maintenance of a high-quality production over the long term calls for the implementation of silviculture based on a thorough knowledge of the factors affecting stand dynamics, especially the role of the rhizosphere. Although long described, the functioning of root anastomoses has never been studied in depth