201 research outputs found

    Aux abonnĂ©s absents : liste rouge et tĂ©lĂ©phone portable dans les enquĂȘtes en population gĂ©nĂ©rale sur les drogues

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    Missing Subscribers, The Red List and Mobile Telephones in General Population Surveys Concerning Drugs: Survey designers using Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI) are confronted with four types of populations: Owners of land-line telephones which include those on the Red (unlisted number) List; Owners of only mobile telephones; and those who don't own a telephone. Over the past few years, the proportion of land-line users has decreased as only mobile users increased. Even if the telephone remains an excellent means for contacting individuals residing in France (only 1.2% have no telephone), the increase in Red List numbers and only mobile users complicates methods developed since the early 1990; the choice of not contacting these persons should be made on a knowledgeable basis. Two types of research presented here allow us to extend our knowledge of these populations in relation to the use of psychoactive substances: a random survey of land-line users (n=13,685) allows us to characterize Red List members concerning declared drug use and associated opinions; a survey (n=2,009) concerning the social representation of drug users, including a sub-sample of only mobile users (n=201) permits us to obtain a summary description of the later and measure differences between them and line-liner users on these same questions.Les concepteurs d’enquĂȘtes ayant recours Ă  la Collecte AssistĂ©e par TĂ©lĂ©phone et Informatique (CATI) sont confrontĂ©s Ă  quatre types de populations : les abonnĂ©s au tĂ©lĂ©phone fixe au sein desquels il faut distinguer les inscrits sur liste rouge, les possesseurs exclusifs de tĂ©lĂ©phone portable et les personnes ne disposant d’aucun Ă©quipement. Depuis quelques annĂ©es, la part des abonnĂ©s au tĂ©lĂ©phone fixe baisse au profit de celle des possesseurs exclusifs de portable. Si le tĂ©lĂ©phone reste un excellent moyen de toucher les individus rĂ©sidant en France (1,2 % des personnes ne disposent d’aucun Ă©quipement), la part croissante des usagers en liste rouge et surtout des possesseurs exclusifs de portables complexifie les mĂ©thodes Ă©laborĂ©es depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1990 : le choix de ne pas les interroger doit ĂȘtre, le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, effectuĂ© en connaissance de cause. Deux types de travaux permettent ici de complĂ©ter notre connaissance de ces populations dans leur rapport aux substances psychoactives : une enquĂȘte interrogeant alĂ©atoirement les abonnĂ©s Ă  une ligne fixe (n=13685) a permis de caractĂ©riser les inscrits sur liste rouge du point de vue des dĂ©clarations d’usages et de quelques opinions y affĂ©rant ; une enquĂȘte sur les reprĂ©sentations des usages de drogues (n=2009) comprenant un sous-Ă©chantillon de possesseurs exclusifs de portables (n=201) a permis d’obtenir une description sommaire de ces derniers et de mesurer les diffĂ©rences entre leurs rĂ©ponses et celles des abonnĂ©s de ligne fixe sur ce thĂšme

    Aux abonnĂ©s absents : liste rouge et tĂ©lĂ©phone portable dans les enquĂȘtes en population gĂ©nĂ©rale sur les drogues

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    Missing Subscribers, The Red List and Mobile Telephones in General Population Surveys Concerning Drugs: Survey designers using Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI) are confronted with four types of populations: Owners of land-line telephones which include those on the Red (unlisted number) List; Owners of only mobile telephones; and those who don't own a telephone. Over the past few years, the proportion of land-line users has decreased as only mobile users increased. Even if the telephone remains an excellent means for contacting individuals residing in France (only 1.2% have no telephone), the increase in Red List numbers and only mobile users complicates methods developed since the early 1990; the choice of not contacting these persons should be made on a knowledgeable basis. Two types of research presented here allow us to extend our knowledge of these populations in relation to the use of psychoactive substances: a random survey of land-line users (n=13,685) allows us to characterize Red List members concerning declared drug use and associated opinions; a survey (n=2,009) concerning the social representation of drug users, including a sub-sample of only mobile users (n=201) permits us to obtain a summary description of the later and measure differences between them and line-liner users on these same questions.Les concepteurs d’enquĂȘtes ayant recours Ă  la Collecte AssistĂ©e par TĂ©lĂ©phone et Informatique (CATI) sont confrontĂ©s Ă  quatre types de populations : les abonnĂ©s au tĂ©lĂ©phone fixe au sein desquels il faut distinguer les inscrits sur liste rouge, les possesseurs exclusifs de tĂ©lĂ©phone portable et les personnes ne disposant d’aucun Ă©quipement. Depuis quelques annĂ©es, la part des abonnĂ©s au tĂ©lĂ©phone fixe baisse au profit de celle des possesseurs exclusifs de portable. Si le tĂ©lĂ©phone reste un excellent moyen de toucher les individus rĂ©sidant en France (1,2 % des personnes ne disposent d’aucun Ă©quipement), la part croissante des usagers en liste rouge et surtout des possesseurs exclusifs de portables complexifie les mĂ©thodes Ă©laborĂ©es depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1990 : le choix de ne pas les interroger doit ĂȘtre, le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, effectuĂ© en connaissance de cause. Deux types de travaux permettent ici de complĂ©ter notre connaissance de ces populations dans leur rapport aux substances psychoactives : une enquĂȘte interrogeant alĂ©atoirement les abonnĂ©s Ă  une ligne fixe (n=13685) a permis de caractĂ©riser les inscrits sur liste rouge du point de vue des dĂ©clarations d’usages et de quelques opinions y affĂ©rant ; une enquĂȘte sur les reprĂ©sentations des usages de drogues (n=2009) comprenant un sous-Ă©chantillon de possesseurs exclusifs de portables (n=201) a permis d’obtenir une description sommaire de ces derniers et de mesurer les diffĂ©rences entre leurs rĂ©ponses et celles des abonnĂ©s de ligne fixe sur ce thĂšme

    Traitement médiatique des morts de la Covid-19 : entre avalanche de chiffres et récits de vie

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    Cet article s’intĂ©resse au traitement mĂ©diatique des victimes de la Covid-19 en France pendant le premier confinement, Ă  partir de deux sources : d’une part les points presse quotidiens du DGS, d’autre part la description des « victimes remarquables » dans la presse Ă©crite. Les donnĂ©es hebdomadaires de SantĂ© Publique France sont aussi mobilisĂ©es. Ces donnĂ©es soulignaient le grand Ăąge et le poids des comorbiditĂ©s parmi les victimes, mais ces deux caractĂ©ristiques ont fait l’objet d’un traitement mĂ©diatique trĂšs partiel par les deux autres sources. Les chiffres ont Ă©tĂ© mobilisĂ©s pour dĂ©crire une Ă©pidĂ©mie massive, mortelle, dont personne n’est Ă  l’abri, jeunes compris, pour promouvoir et justifier l’action des autoritĂ©s, et enrĂŽler le public dans la guerre contre le virus. Les rĂ©cits de vie des articles nĂ©crologiques, comme le choix des victimes pour donner un visage Ă  l’épidĂ©mie, brossaient un tableau trĂšs similaire. D’ordinaire, on attend des chiffres qu’ils nous Ă©clairent, qu’ils nourrissent la rĂ©flexion et le dĂ©bat. Mais l’avalanche sĂ©lective de nombres lors des points presse semblait plutĂŽt destinĂ©e Ă  effrayer le public, et Ă  imposer une certaine lecture de la situation, et l’absolue nĂ©cessitĂ© du confinement.We investigated how the Covid-19 deaths were described by the French media during the first lockdown. We studied the daily press conferences held by the Director-General for Health and the ‘remarkable’ deaths in the print media, as well as the weekly data from SantĂ© Publique France. These data pointed out the high mean age of victims, as well as the prevalence of comorbidities among them, but these two aspects were partially absent in the two other media contents. Figures have been used to describe a massive and deadly pandemic, sparing no one, including the youth, but also to promote and justify the action of authorities, and to enroll the public in the war against the virus. In the print media, the choice of ‘remarkable’ deaths and the corresponding life stories contributed to a very similar narrative. Usually, figures are supposed to enlighten us, to provide food for thought and debate. But during the press conferences the selective flood of figures was rather frightening and contributed to impose a specific reading of the situation, and the absolute necessity of lock

    “It’s All We Got Left”. Why Poor Smokers are Less Sensitive to Cigarette Price Increases

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    In France, between 2000 and 2008, concurrently to the increase in cigarette price, we observed an increasing social differentiation of cigarette smoking: smoking prevalence decreased among executive managers and professional occupations, it remained stable among manual workers, and it increased among the unemployed. Poor smokers were heavier smokers, they were more frequently tobacco-dependent, and they were more prone to smoke automatically or to reduce “negative feelings”. In-depth interviews provided a more comprehensive insight into poor smokers’ motivations: they were aware of their addiction, but they also talked about the pleasure they get from smoking, and they highlighted the essential needs satisfied by smoking: stress relief, cheap leisure, compensation for loneliness, break-up or redundancy
 Acknowledging the functional aspects of smoking experienced by poor smokers helps to understand why increasing the cigarette price is unlikely to deter many poor smokers from smoking

    Vaccine hesitancy: clarifying a theoretical framework for an ambiguous notion.

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    Today, according to many public health experts, public confidence in vaccines is waning. The term "vaccine hesitancy" (VH) is increasingly used to describe the spread of such vaccine reluctance. But VH is an ambiguous notion and its theoretical background appears uncertain. To clarify this concept, we first review the current definitions of VH in the public health literature and examine its most prominent characteristics. VH has been defined as a set of beliefs, attitudes, or behaviours, or some combination of them, shared by a large and heterogeneous portion of the population and including people who exhibit reluctant conformism (they may either decline a vaccine, delay it or accept it despite their doubts) and vaccine-specific behaviours. Secondly, we underline some of the ambiguities of this notion and argue that it is more a catchall category than a real concept. We also call into question the usefulness of understanding VH as an intermediate position along a continuum ranging from anti-vaccine to pro-vaccine attitudes, and we discuss its qualification as a belief, attitude or behaviour. Thirdly, we propose a theoretical framework, based on previous literature and taking into account some major structural features of contemporary societies, that considers VH as a kind of decision-making process that depends on people's level of commitment to healthism/risk culture and on their level of confidence in the health authorities and mainstream medicine

    Adolescent male hazardous drinking and participation in organised activities: Involvement in team sports is associated with less hazardous drinking in young offenders

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    Aims: The purpose of this research was to test and compare associations between participation in organised activities and indicators of hazardous drinking between young offenders and young non-offenders. Methods: Two groups of 13–18 year-old males were recruited in Cardiff, UK: 93 young offenders and 53 non-offenders from secondary schools matched on estimated IQ, sex and socioeconomic status. Indicators of hazardous drinking were measured using the Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST). Organised activity participation and externalising behaviour was measured by the Youth Self Report. The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence was also administered. Results: Young offenders participated in fewer organised activities and had higher FAST scores than non-offenders. Young offenders and non-offenders significantly differed on mean FAST scores if they participated in no organised activities but not if they participated in at least one team sport. Externalising behaviour problems were unrelated to participation in organised activities. Conclusions: Although young offenders were less likely to have participated in organised activities, for them, participation in a team sport was associated with less hazardous drinking. Vulnerable youths who might benefit most from sporting activities actually access them the least. Future research should identify the different barriers to participation that they face

    Discrimination against HIV-Infected People and the Spread of HIV: Some Evidence from France

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    BACKGROUND: Many people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) suffer from stigma and discrimination. There is an ongoing debate, however, about whether stigma, fear and discrimination actually fuel the persisting spread of HIV, or slow it down by reducing contacts between the whole population and high-risk minorities. To contribute to this debate, we analysed the relationship between perceived discrimination and unsafe sex in a large sample of French PLWHAs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In 2003, we conducted a national cross-sectional survey among a random sample of HIV-infected patients. The analysis was restricted to sexually active respondents (N = 2,136). Unsafe sex was defined as sexual intercourse without a condom with a seronegative/unknown serostatus partner during the prior 12 months. Separate analyses were performed for each transmission group (injecting drug use (IDU), homosexual contact, heterosexual contact). Overall, 24% of respondents reported experiences of discrimination in their close social environment (relatives, friends and colleagues) and 18% reported unsafe sex during the previous 12 months. Both prevalences were higher in the IDU group (32% for perceived discrimination, 23% for unsafe sex). In multivariate analyses, experience of discrimination in the close social environment was associated with an increase in unsafe sex for both PLWHAs infected through IDU and heterosexual contact (OR = 1.65 and 1.80 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study clearly confirms a relationship between discrimination and unsafe sex among PLWHAs infected through either IDU or heterosexual contact. This relationship was especially strong in the heterosexual group that has become the main vector of HIV transmission in France, and who is the more likely of sexual mixing with the general population. These results seriously question the hypothesis that HIV-stigma has no effect or could even reduce the infection spread of HIV

    Le pouvoir local à l'épreuve de la société du risque

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    Peretti-Watel Patrick. Le pouvoir local à l'épreuve de la société du risque. In: Les Annales de la recherche urbaine, N°95, 2004. Apprivoiser les catastrophes. pp. 15-18

    La crise de la vache folle : une épidémie fantÎme ?

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    Mad cow crisis: a ghost epidemic? Mad cow crisis has heavily hit economy and politics. Such a resuit seems out of proportion with the real impact of the disease, because the prion killed very few people. According to many experts, consumers gave way to panic because they took a « ghost epidemic » seriously. This article sets forth a qualitative study of the media coverage of this crisis and a statistical analysis of two French surveys realised in 1997. This investigation leads us to believe that consumers did not react so irrationally. Based on available information, their risk perceptions were rather sensible. Their reactions were depending on whether they trust or mistrust the authorities and the distributors. They also depended on their eating habits.RĂ©sumĂ©. La crise de la vache folle a eu de fortes rĂ©percussions politiques et Ă©conomiques. Pourtant ses victimes humaines restent aujourd'hui encore trĂšs rares. Cette disproportion apparente entre ses consĂ©quences et ses causes a suscitĂ© de nombreux commentaires stigmatisant l'irrationalitĂ© des consommateurs, qui auraient cĂ©dĂ© Ă  un mouvement de panique et pris au sĂ©rieux une « Ă©pidĂ©mie fantĂŽme ». En analysant le traitement mĂ©diatique de cette affaire et en mobilisant deux enquĂȘtes quantitatives rĂ©alisĂ©es en 1997, il est toutefois possible de mieux comprendre les rĂ©actions des consommateurs. Leur apprĂ©ciation du risque n'est pas rĂ©ductible Ă  une peur irrĂ©flĂ©chie. Elle dĂ©pend Ă  la fois de leurs habitudes alimentaires et de la confiance qu'ils accordent aux acteurs de la crise.La crisis de la vaca loca : una epidemia fantasmĂĄtica ? Las repercusiones polĂ­ticas y econĂłmicas de la crisis de la vaca loca fueron muy importantes. Pero el prion no mata casi a nadie. Segun los expertos, los consumidores temieron una epidemia fantasmĂĄtica. Al contrario, este texto trata de demostrar que las reacciones de los consumidores no fueron tan irracionales. Por eso, el autor estudia las informaciones que difundieron los medios de comunicaciĂłn, y analiza dos encuestas estadĂ­sticas de 1997. Este ĂĄnalisis nos informa que para comprender las reacciones del consumidor, se deben tomar en cuenta dos situaciones : en primer lugar, su opinion relativa a lo que dicen los actores de la crisis (confianza o desconfianza), y en segundo lugar sus hĂĄbitos alimenticios previos a la crisis.Peretti-Watel Patrick. La crise de la vache folle : une Ă©pidĂ©mie fantĂŽme ?. In: Sciences sociales et santĂ©. Volume 19, n°1, 2001. pp. 5-38

    Sous les étoiles, rien de nouveau ? L'horoscope dans les sociétés contemporaines

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    Patrick Peretti-Watel : Unter den Sternen nichts Neues ? Das Horoskop in den modernen Gesellschaften. In "The stars down to earth" analysiert Adorno die astrologische Rubrik einer amerikanischen Tageszeitung der fĂŒnfziger Jahre. Dieser Artikel möchte diese Untersuchung aktualisieren und stellt dabei die Frage zura Status und zu den Funktionen des Horoskops in den modernen Gesellschaften. Die Inhaltsanalyse einer modernen astrologischen Rubrik wird ebenfalls dazu benutzt. Der Glaube an das Horoskop ernĂ€hrt sich nicht aus einer Ablehnung der Wissenschaft und einer RĂŒckkehr zum Okkulten, sondern wird von der Nivellierung des Status der Wissenschaften und der Parawissenschaften begĂŒnstigt, die sowohl aus der EnttĂ€uschung ĂŒber die Wissenschaften als auch aus der Rationalisierung der Parawissenschaften entsteht. Ganz wie die Religion oder die Zauberei hat die Horoskopie angstlösende Tugenden, sie beruhigt das Individuum, das sein « reflexives Projekt » in einem sehr unbestĂ€ndigen Zusammenhang zum Erfolg fĂŒhren soll. Allerdings könnte die Besonderheit des Glaubens an das Horoskop auf der Tatsache beruhen, dass es sich um einen « Halbglauben » handelt, durch den das Individuum paradoxerweise sein Festhalten an den « instrumentalen Aktivismus » erneut bestĂ€tigt. Was den Beitrag der Horoskopie zur Aufrechterhaltung der sozialen Ordnung, zur Unterwerfung unter die Normen und zur Förderung eines bestimmten Gesellschaftsmodells betrifft, so scheint es, dass die Analysen von Adorno heute noch sehr zutreffend bleiben.Patrick Peretti-Watel : Is there anything new beneath the stars ? The horoscope in contemporary society. In the text entitled "The stars down to earth", Adorno analyzes the astrological column of a US daily from the 1950s. The purpose of this article is to update this text by examining the status and functions of the horoscope in contemporary society and by using the analysis on the content of a contemporary astrological column. Belief in the horoscope does not stem from the rejection of science or from a return to the occult ; it is favoured by the levelling out of the status of sciences and para-sciences, which results in both a disenchantment of the first and in a rationalization of the latter. In the same way as religion or magic, horoscopy has anxiolytic properties, reassuring the person who is to live his/her « introspective project » in an uncertain context. Nevertheless, the specificity of the belief in the horoscope may be due to the fact that it is a « part-belief », by which the individual paradoxically reaffirms his/her attachment to « instrumental activism ». As regards the contribution horoscopy makes to the maintaining of social order, submission to norms and to the promotion of a certain model of society, it would appear that the analyses put forward by Adorno are still to the point today.Dans "Des Ă©toiles Ă  terre", Adorno analyse la rubrique astrologique d'un quotidien amĂ©ricain des annĂ©es cinquante. Cet article se propose de rĂ©actualiser cette Ă©tude, en s'interrogeant sur le statut et les fonctions de l'horoscope dans les sociĂ©tĂ©s contemporaines, et en exploitant l'analyse de contenu d'une rubrique astrologique actuelle. La croyance en l'horoscope ne se nourrit pas d'un rejet de la science ou d'un retour vers l'occulte ; elle est favorisĂ©e par un nivellement du statut des sciences et des para-sciences, qui rĂ©sulte Ă  la fois du dĂ©senchantement des premiĂšres et de la rationalisation des secondes. Tout comme la religion ou la magie, l'horoscopie a des vertus anxiolytiques, elle rassure l'individu qui doit mener Ă  bien son « projet rĂ©flexif » dans un contexte trĂšs incertain. Toutefois, la spĂ©cificitĂ© de la croyance en l'horoscope pourrait rĂ©sider dans le fait qu'il s'agirait d'une « semi-croyance », par laquelle l'individu rĂ©affirme paradoxalement son attachement Ă  « l'activisme instrumental ». Quant Ă  la contribution de l'horoscopie au maintien de l'ordre social, Ă  la soumission aux normes et Ă  la promotion d'un certain modĂšle de sociĂ©tĂ©, il apparaĂźt que les analyses d'Adorno restent aujourd'hui encore trĂšs pertinentes.Patrick Peretti-Watel : Nada nuevo hay bajo el sol ? El horĂłscopo en las sociedades contemporĂĄneas. En "The stars down to earth", Adomo analiza la secciĂłn astrolĂłgica de un diario americano de los años cincuenta. Explotando el anĂĄlisis del contenido de una secciĂłn astrolĂłgica contemporĂĄnea e interrogĂĄndose sobre el estatuto y las funciones del horĂłscopo en las sociedades contemporĂĄneas este artĂ­culo se propone reactualizar este estudio. La creencia en el horĂłscopo no se nutre de un rechazo a la ciencia ĐŸ de una regresiĂłn hacia lo oculto, si no que es facilitada por el nivelamiento del estatuto de las ciencias y de las para-ciencias, que resultan a la vez de la desiluciĂłn de las primeras y de la racionalizaciĂłn de las segundas. Del mismo modo que la religiĂłn y la magia, la horoscopĂ­a posee virtudes ansiolĂ­ticas, tranquiliza al individuo que debe llevar a bien su « proyecto reflexivo » dentro de un contexte muy incierto. A veces la especificidad de la creencia en el horĂłscopo podrĂ­a consistir en el hecho de que se trataria de una « semi-creencia », mediante la cual paradojicamente el individuo asegura su constancia « al activismo instrumental ». En cuanto a la contribuciĂłn de la horoscopĂ­a al mantenimiento del orden social, a la sumisiĂłn a las normas y a la promociĂłn de un cierto modelo de sociedad, se revela que los anĂĄlisis de Adorno hasta hoy dĂ­a son todavĂ­a muy pertinentes.Peretti-Watel Patrick. Sous les Ă©toiles, rien de nouveau ? L'horoscope dans les sociĂ©tĂ©s contemporaines. In: Revue française de sociologie, 2002, 43-1. pp. 3-33
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