Pramoedya Ananta Toer and China: The Transformation of a Cultural Intellectual

Page range: 119-14

Kinetic analysis of plasma haptoglobin and corticosterone levels in 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection.

<p>A: Plasma haptoglobin level was measured using a Hitachi 912 automatic analyser. For each day post-irradiation (1, 4, 10, 21, 31, 37, 50, 59, 71, 101), data represent average values obtained from the plasma of 4–5 hind limbs-protected rats, 4–5 head-protected rats and 5 age-matched control rats from the same batch. All animals were treated with Enrofloxacin. Insert shows average values of haptoglobin plasma levels obtained by pooling data from 10 to 101 days post-irradiation. The number of rats used is indicated on the bar chart. B: Plasma corticosterone levels were measured using enzyme immunoassays (EIA) kits. For each day post-irradiation (1, 4, 10, 21, 31, 37, 50, 59, 71, 101), data represent average values obtained from the plasma of hind limbs-protected rats, head-protected rats and age-matched control rats from the same batch. All animals were treated with Enrofloxacin. (*** (p<0.001); ** (p<0.01); * (p<0.05); n.s.: not significant).</p

Histological scores of severity for kidneys collected 64 days after irradiation from 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection treated with Enrofloxacin and control rats treated or not with Enrofloxacin.

<p><i>Rat Groups</i>: <i>C</i>: Control; <i>C + E</i>: Control + Enrofloxacin; <i>12 Gy HL-p + E</i>: 12 Gy Hind limbs-protected + Enrofloxacin; <i>12 Gy H-p + E</i>: 12 Gy Head-protected + Enrofloxacin. For each parameter and for each rat group, values represent the average of scores obtained in three animals. Global histological scores represent average values (± SEM) of cumulated histological scores obtained from three rats for each group</p><p>** (p<0.01);</p><p>*** (p<0.001): significant versus control + Enrofloxacin;</p><p>§§ (p<0.01): significant versus 12 Gy Hind limbs-protected + Enrofloxacin).</p><p>Histological scores of severity for kidneys collected 64 days after irradiation from 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection treated with Enrofloxacin and control rats treated or not with Enrofloxacin.</p

Kinetic analysis of plasma CXCL1 levels in 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection.

<p>A: Plasma CXCL1 levels were measured by ELISA. For each day post-irradiation (1, 4, 10, 21, 31, 37, 50, 59, 64, 71), data represent average values obtained from the plasma of 3–5 hind limbs-protected rats, 3–5 head-protected rats and 3–5 age-matched control rats from the same batch. Data from Day 64 correspond to the animals used for histology analysis. All animals were treated with Enrofloxacin. B: Average values of CXCL1 plasma levels obtained by pooling data from several days after irradiation for controls and irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection (left panel: from 21 to 71 days post-irradiation; right panel: from 50 to 64 days post-irradiation). The number of rats used is indicated on bar charts. (** (p<0.01); * (p<0.05); n.s.: not significant).</p

Irradiation configurations, white blood cells counts and spleen weight in highly-irradiated rats with bone marrow protection.

<p>A: Irradiation configurations. Rats were irradiated at 12 Gy gamma ray dose using à ⁶⁰Co gamma source, with either the two hind limbs (“hind limbs-protected”) or the head and the two fore limbs (“head-protected”) protected behind a lead wall. Detailed description of irradiation configurations is included in the material and methods section. B: Kinetic of white blood cells counts in hind limbs- and head-protected rats irradiated at 12 Gy. White blood cells counts were performed from whole blood collected by retro-orbital puncture just before euthanasia. For each day post-irradiation (1, 4, 10, 21, 31, 37, 50, 59, 71, 101), data represent average values obtained from 4–5 hind limbs-protected rats, 4–5 head-protected rats and 5 age-matched control rats from the same batch. C: Kinetic of spleen weight recovery in hind limbs- and head-protected rats. Rat spleens were weighed 4, 21, 50, 59, 71 and 101 days after irradiation. For each day after irradiation, data represent average values obtained from 4–5 hind limbs-protected rats, 4–5 head-protected rats and 5 age-matched control rats. Control and irradiated rats received Enrofloxacin treatment. (*** (p<0.001); ** (p<0.01); * (p<0.05); n.s.: not significant).</p

Histological analysis of liver, kidney and ileum damages in 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection 64 days post-irradiation.

<p>A: Representative pictures of liver sections stained with HES for control rats and 12 Gy-irradiated rats with either hind limbs or head protection. (V: Vessel, DHR: Disorganised Hepatocyte Rows, bHe: ballooned Hepatocytes). Control and irradiated rats were treated with Enrofloxacin. B: Representative pictures of kidney sections stained with HES for control rats and 12 Gy-irradiated rats with either hind limbs or head protection. (G: Glomerulus, DG: Dysmorphic Glomerulus, PT: Proximal Tubule, DT: Distal Tubule). Control and irradiated rats were treated with Enrofloxacin. C: Representative pictures of ileum sections stained with HES for control rats and 12 Gy-irradiated rats with either hind limbs or head protection. (Vi: Villus, C: Chorion, Cr: Crypt, MM: Muscular Mucosa). Control and irradiated rats were treated with Enrofloxacin. D: Measurements of villus length/width and villus number/mm performed using ileum HES staining images. Data on left and middle graphs represent the average of 12 measurements (from 3 rats in each condition). Analysis was performed from 3 control rats, 3 control rats treated with Enrofloxacin, 3 hind limbs-protected and 3 head-protected rats irradiated at 12 Gy. Both groups of 12 Gy-Irradiated rats received Enrofloxacin treatment. (*** (p<0.001); * (p<0.05); n.s.: not significant).</p

Histological scores of severity obtained for liver, kidney and ileum in control and 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection 64 days post-irradiation.

<p>A: Bar chart showing cumulative histological scores for liver in control (treated or not with Enrofloxacin) and 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection (treated with Enrofloxacin). B: Bar chart showing cumulative histological scores for kidney in control (treated or not with Enrofloxacin) and 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection (treated with Enrofloxacin). C: Bar chart showing cumulative histological scores for kidney in control (treated or not with Enrofloxacin) and 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection (treated with Enrofloxacin). Data were obtained from 3 controls, 3 controls treated with Enrofloxacin, 3 hind limbs-protected rats irradiated at 12 Gy and 3 head-protected rats irradiated at 12 Gy. (*** (p<0.001); ** (p<0.01); * (p<0.05); n.s.: not significant).</p

Evolution of body weight and plasma albumin levels in 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection.

<p>A: Body weight evolution for controls (5 rats) and 12 Gy-irradiated rats with either hind limbs (5 rats) or head protected (4 rats). All rats received antibiotic support (Enrofloxacin). Measurements of body weight were performed every 2–3 days. The arrow on the graph indicates late average body weight loss for hind limbs-protected rats. The evolution of body weight is represented for rat groups euthanized 101 days after irradiation. The same body weight evolution was observed for all groups of hind limbs-, head-protected and control rats euthanized earlier after irradiation. (*** (p0.001) significant versus control + enrofloxacin; § (p<0.05): significant versus head-protected). B: Kinetic analysis of plasma albumin levels in 12 Gy-irradiated rats with hind limbs or head protection. Plasma albumin levels were measured using a Hitachi 912 automatic analyser. For each day post-irradiation (1, 4, 10, 21, 31, 37, 50, 59, 71, 101), data represent average values obtained from the plasma of 4–5 hind limbs-protected rats, 4–5 head-protected rats and 5 age-matched control rats from the same batch. All animals were treated with Enrofloxacin. (** (p<0.01); * (p<0.05); n.s.: not significant).</p

Validation of the animal exposure model using PLSDA.

<p>a) The R2 value of a given model may be used to assess its degree of fit to the data (99.8%) and the Q2 value of the model is used to assess the predictive power of the model (82.0%). b) Scores plot showing a clear distinction of 5Gy TBI animals from the 5 Gy equivalent PBI. LP = Legs Protected. HP = Head Protected.</p

Flt-3 ligand kinetics as an example of biomarker with long time window of relevance.

<p>The averaged values of TBI animals are significantly higher than PBI animals from 3d after exposure (*p<0.05) and peak 21d post-exposure (**p<0.01 and ***p<0.001).</p