CSLM analysis of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> biofilm production.

<p>Results presented are the means ±SD from two independent experiments performed in triplicate.</p><p>Student's <i>t-test</i> indicated a statistically significant difference between biofilm thickness formed by <i>L. monocytogenes</i> 10403S compared to mutant bacterial strains (p ≤ 0.05).</p><p>CSLM analysis of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> biofilm production.</p

Identified <i>L. monocytogenes</i> biofilm-formation genes.

<p><i>Putative functions were obtained from <a href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/annotation/genome/listeria_group/MultiHome.html" target="_blank">http://www.broadinstitute.org/annotation/genome/listeria_group/MultiHome.html</a></i>.</p><p><i>Based on DNA homologies with the L. monocytogenes 10403S genome database; lmrg refers to genetic loci within strain 10403S</i>.</p><p><i>% Compared to wild-type L. monocytogenes 10403S biofilm formation in two independent experiments</i>.</p><p>Identified <i>L. monocytogenes</i> biofilm-formation genes.</p

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy analysis of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> EPS production.

<p><i>L. monocytogenes</i> 10403S bacteria in biofilms formed on dialysis tubing membranes (regenerated cellulose) (A) (bar = 100 nm) or planktonic bacteria grown in broth culture (B) (bar = 500 nm) were examined by TEM at 72 hours post-inoculation. (C) SEM of a <i>L. monocytogenes</i> biofilm developed on regenerated cellulose at 24 hours post-inoculation (bar = 10 µm). Arrows indicate EPS. For TEM, samples were fixed with 25% glutaraldehyde, rinsed with cacodylate buffer and stained with ruthenium red to visualize EPS material. For SEM, samples were rinsed with multiple dilutions of ethanol prior to visualization.</p

Biofilm formation by Δ<i>phoPR</i> and Δ<i>dltABCD L. monocytogenes</i>.

<p>Bacterial strains were inoculated into TSBYE media in 96-well plates and grown at 35°C for 24 hours. Cultures were then diluted 1:10 into fresh HTM media with 3% glucose and 0.1 mg/mL each cysteine and methionine in new 96-well PVC microtiter plates. Plates were incubated at 35°C for 96 hours, rinsed with dH₂O using a semi-automated cell washer, stained with crystal violet, rinsed with acetic acid and the OD₅₉₅ ±SD determined using a spectrophotometer. The data presented are representative of three independent experiments. *, p <0.05 (One-way ANOVA test).</p

Scanning electron microscopy of a bean sprout inoculated with <i>L. monocytogenes</i>.

<p>Sterile bean sprouts were placed in HTM agar media with 3% glucose and inoculated with 10 µl of a 1:10 dilution of a 24-hour culture of 10403S. Following a 24 hour incubation, bean sprouts were processed for scanning electron microscopy (A) Bean sprout (bar = 1 mm) (B) magnified view of the white square from (A) (bar = 100 µm). (C) Bean sprout vegetative tissue colonized with <i>L. monocytogenes</i> (bar = 10 µm) (D) magnification of (C) (bar = 10 µm).</p