Additional file 1 of Changes in, and factors associated with family functioning: results of four cross-sectional household surveys from 2011 to 2017 in Hong Kong

Supplementary Material

Socioeconomic Gradient in Childhood Obesity and Hypertension: A Multilevel Population-Based Study in a Chinese Community

<div><p>Background</p><p>This study aims to assess evidence for any socioeconomic gradients in childhood obesity and hypertension in a population-representative sample in Hong Kong, China.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The data of a stratified random sampled growth survey collected in 2005–2006 was matched with a population by-census. Obesity was defined using the International Obesity Task Force standard and hypertension was defined using the Hong Kong norm table. Family socioeconomic status (SES) was measured by maternal education level. Neighbourhood SES was measured by median household income of the neighbourhood. Multilevel Poisson regression models with robust standard error were used to test the association. Body mass indices of children’s parents were included as potential confounders. Intra-school/neighbourhood correlations were adjusted using random factors.</p><p>Results</p><p>Totally 14842 children (age 6–19 years) included in the analysis, in which 16.6% of them were overweight or obese. Children whose mother only completed secondary school or below had higher risk of childhood obesity (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13–1.76, p = 0.003) and hypertension (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.01–1.36, p = 0.03). Meanwhile, children in the lowest neighbourhood SES group had higher risk of childhood underweight (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.04–2.49, p = 0.03), overweight (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.05–1.72, p = 0.02), and obesity (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.11–3.88, p = 0.02).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Socioeconomic gradient in childhood obesity and hypertension existed in Hong Kong, one of the most developed cities in China. These results have implications for policymakers and public health experts and highlight the need to monitor trends in other parts of China.</p></div

Prevalence and population attributable fractions of weight and hypertension problems by SES.

<p>Prevalence and population attributable fractions of weight and hypertension problems by SES.</p

Adjusted associations between SES and weight and hypertension status.

<p>All associations were estimated after the adjustment of child’s gender and age, paternal and maternal BMI, and intra-cluster correlation. Tertiary maternal education and low neighbourhood income were the reference groups. Error bars show the 95% confidence intervals. **: p < 0.01; *: p < 0.05</p

Association between health outcomes and potential mediator.

<p>Association between health outcomes and potential mediator.</p

Participant characteristics.

<p>Participant characteristics.</p

sj-docx-1-tva-10.1177_15248380241226631 – Supplemental material for Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Before, During, and After Pregnancy: A Meta-Analysis

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tva-10.1177_15248380241226631 for Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Before, During, and After Pregnancy: A Meta-Analysis by Xiao-Yan Chen, Camilla Kin Ming Lo, Qiqi Chen, Shuling Gao, Frederick K. Ho, Douglas Austin Brownridge, Wing Cheong Leung, Patrick Ip and Ko Ling Chan in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse</p

Use of Internet Viral Marketing to Promote Smoke-Free Lifestyles among Chinese Adolescents

<div><p>Purpose</p><p>Youth smoking is a global public health concern. Health educators are increasingly using Internet-based technologies, but the effectiveness of Internet viral marketing in promoting health remains uncertain. This prospective pilot study assessed the efficacy of an online game-based viral marketing campaign in promoting a smoke-free attitude among Chinese adolescents.</p><p>Methods</p><p>One hundred and twenty-one Hong Kong Chinese adolescents aged 10 to 24 were invited to participate in an online multiple-choice quiz game competition designed to deliver tobacco-related health information. Participants were encouraged to refer others to join. A zero-inflated negative binomial model was used to explore the factors contributing to the referral process. Latent transition analysis utilising a pre- and post-game survey was used to detect attitudinal changes toward smoking.</p><p>Results</p><p>The number of participants increased almost eightfold from 121 to 928 (34.6% current or ex-smokers) during the 22-day campaign. Participants exhibited significant attitudinal change, with 73% holding negative attitudes toward smoking after the campaign compared to 57% before it. The transition probabilities from positive to negative and neutral to negative attitudes were 0.52 and 0.48, respectively. It was also found that attempting every 20 quiz questions was associated with lower perceived smoking decision in future (OR  = 0.95, p-value <0.01).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our online game-based viral marketing programme was effective in reaching a large number of smoking and non-smoking participants and changing their attitudes toward smoking. It constitutes a promising practical and cost-effective model for engaging young smokers and promulgating smoking-related health information among Chinese adolescents.</p></div

Factors associated with the number of referrals.

<p>*p-value <0.05; **p-value <0.01. Results estimated by zero-inflated negative binomial model using all 928 users who completed the registration process.</p

Summary of LTA.

#<p>Item response probability is the probability to choose an item conditional on the persons' latent class membership. For example, in the question ‘number of friends of boys as affected by smoking’, a participant in Class 1 would have a 0.98 probability to select ‘Less’, 0.02 to select ‘Indifferent’ and 0.01 to select ‘More’. These probabilities help interpreting the latent classes and are conceptually similar to factor loadings in factor analysis. For detailed technical specifications, please refer to Lanza <i>et al</i> and Rindskopf <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099082#pone.0099082-Lanza1" target="_blank">[41]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099082#pone.0099082-Rindskopf1" target="_blank">[42]</a>.</p