Micro Thin Film Sensor Embedding in Metal Structures for Rapid Production of Miniature Smart Metal Tooling

In-situ monitoring and control of temperature and strain is important to improve product quality for numerous mesoscale manufacturing processes. However, it is difficult for conventional sensors to provide measurements with a high spatial and temporal resolution at critical locations. This paper studies the fabrication and calibration of micro thin film sensors embedded in metal structures for miniature tooling applications. Micro thin film sensors have been successfully fabricated on various metal substrates and advanced embedding techniques have been developed to ensure sensor function inside metal structures. Specifically, multilayer dielectric/metal thin film micro sensors were embedded into layered metal structures by ultrasonic welding (USW). These embedded sensors provided superior spatial and temporal resolutions. Smart tooling technique will improve safety and reliability significantly for manufacturing processes.Mechanical Engineerin

From Obama to Trump to Biden: U.S. Involvement and Policy Tactics in the Yemeni Civil War

The analysis intends to overview the history of U.S. involvement in the Yemeni Civil War, starting from the presidency of Barack Obama to Joe Biden. Given that the Biden administration recently has decided to end the U.S. support for Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen, this article hopes to explore what events got the United States up to that point and the U.S. foreign policy tactics and strategies that factored into causing a long-term devastation in Yemen. This analysis will also provide a brief, condensed history regarding what led the war in Yemen to begin

Primer for the Transportable Applications Executive

The Transportable Applications Executive (TAE), an interactive multipurpose executive that provides commonly required functions for scientific analysis systems, is discussed. The concept of an executive is discussed and the various components of TAE are presented. These include on-line help information, the use of menus or commands to access analysis programs, and TAE command procedures

Chronic Exposure to Triclosan Sustains Microbial Community Shifts and Alters Antibiotic Resistance Gene Levels in Anaerobic Digesters

Triclosan, an antimicrobial chemical found in consumer personal care products, has been shown to stimulate antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Although many studies focus on antibiotic resistance pertinent to medical scenarios, resistance developed in natural and engineered environments is less studied and has become an emerging concern for human health. In this study, the impacts of chronic triclosan (TCS) exposure on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial community structure were assessed in lab-scale anaerobic digesters. TCS concentrations from below detection to 2500 mg kg−1 dry solids were amended into anaerobic digesters over 110 days and acclimated for \u3e3 solid retention time values. Four steady state TCS concentrations were chosen (30–2500 mg kg−1). Relative abundance of mexB, a gene coding for a component of a multidrug efflux pump, was significantly higher in all TCS-amended digesters (30 mg kg−1 or higher) relative to the control. TCS selected for bacteria carrying tet(L) and against those carrying erm(F) at concentrations which inhibited digester function; the pH decrease associated with digester failure was suspected to cause this selection. Little to no impact of TCS was observed on intI1 relative abundance. Microbial communities were also surveyed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compared to the control digesters, significant shifts in community structure towards clades containing commensal and pathogenic bacteria were observed in digesters containing TCS. Based on these results, TCS should be included in studies and risk assessments that attempt to elucidate relationships between chemical stressors (e.g. antibiotics), antibiotic resistance genes, and public health

Some Implications of Believing that Happiness Involves the Absence of Pain: Negative Hedonic Beliefs Exacerbate the Effects of Stress on Well-Being

One common belief about happiness, espoused to varying degrees by both researchers and laypeople alike, is that happiness involves a lack of negative hedonic experiences. In the current investigation, we examine whether individual differences in endorsement of this belief, termed negative hedonic belief, moderate the effects of stress on happiness and several indicators of well-being. It was predicted that because stress involves the experience of negative hedonic states, increased stress would be more robustly associated with decreased happiness and well-being among those endorsing negative hedonic beliefs. Results from three studies utilizing both retrospective and prospective research designs generally support this prediction and suggest that endorsing the belief that happiness involves a lack of negative hedonic experiences is associated with more negative outcomes in response to the experience of heightened life stress