Data ruddy ducks

Data ruddy duck

Table S2: 3-D model fit of males inside females. from Genital interactions during simulated copulation among marine mammals

Results show the best fit at 0 degrees, and subsequent rotation of the male inside the female at 90, 180, and 270 degrees. As the model is rotated, the percentage of models not overlapping increases within each species. F-M describes the volume of the female left unfilled by the male and M-F describes the volume of the male not encapsulated by the female

Table S1: Length of endocasts and penis tips in four species of marine mammals. from Genital interactions during simulated copulation among marine mammals

Penis lengths were collected after inflation but prior to formalin-fixation. Penises were measured from the cranial point of fusion of the sheath to the shaft through to the cranial (distal) tip of the penis. Endocast and penis length measurements were collected in ventral, dorsal, left lateral, and right lateral orientations. The longest length is presented due to asymmetries in shape

Nature’s Palette: Characterization of Shared Pigments in Colorful Avian and Mollusk Shells

<div><p>Pigment-based coloration is a common trait found in a variety of organisms across the tree of life. For example, calcareous avian eggs are natural structures that vary greatly in color, yet just a handful of tetrapyrrole pigment compounds are responsible for generating this myriad of colors. To fully understand the diversity and constraints shaping nature’s palette, it is imperative to characterize the similarities and differences in the types of compounds involved in color production across diverse lineages. Pigment composition was investigated in eggshells of eleven paleognath bird taxa, covering several extinct and extant lineages, and shells of four extant species of mollusks. Birds and mollusks are two distantly related, calcareous shell-building groups, thus characterization of pigments in their calcareous structures would provide insights to whether similar compounds are found in different phyla (Chordata and Mollusca). An ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction protocol was used to analyze the presence and concentration of biliverdin and protoporphyrin, two known and ubiquitous tetrapyrrole avian eggshell pigments, in all avian and molluscan samples. Biliverdin was solely detected in birds, including the colorful eggshells of four tinamou species. In contrast, protoporphyrin was detected in both the eggshells of several avian species and in the shells of all mollusks. These findings support previous hypotheses about the ubiquitous deposition of tetrapyrroles in the eggshells of various bird lineages and provide evidence for its presence also across distantly related animal taxa.</p></div

Relative concentration of biliverdin and protoporphyrin in avian eggshells in which pigment was detected.

<p>^aPaleognaths appear on the first half of the table and neognaths on the second half.</p><p>^bBiliverdin absorbance measured at 377 nm; protoporphyrin absorbance measured at 405 nm.</p><p>Relative concentration of biliverdin and protoporphyrin in avian eggshells in which pigment was detected.</p

Avian eggshell fragments and molluscan shells analyzed.

<p><b>(a)</b><i>Nothoprocta perdicaria</i><b>(b)</b><i>Eudromia elegans</i><b>(c)</b><i>Tinamus major</i><b>(d)</b><i>Nothura maculosa</i><b>(e)</b><i>Dromaius novaehollandiae</i><b>(f)</b><i>Casuarius casuarius</i><b>(g)</b><i>Struthio camelus</i><b>(h)</b><i>Rhea americana</i><b>(i)</b><i>Apteryx mantelli</i><b>(j)</b><i>Euryapteryx curtus</i><b>(k)</b><i>Aepyornis</i> sp. <b>(l)</b><i>Alligator mississippiensis</i><b>(m)</b><i>Hastula hectica</i><b>(n)</b><i>Conus purpurascens</i><b>(o)</b><i>Conus ebraeus</i><b>(p)</b><i>Argopecten</i> sp. Color sample card shown as color standard, sourced from Home Depot, Reno, NV (USA). Black scale bar 1 cm.</p