Brain Neuronal CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors in Drug Abuse and Depression: From Mice to Human Subjects

BACKGROUND: Addiction and major depression are mental health problems associated with stressful events in life with high relapse and reoccurrence even after treatment. Many laboratories were not able to detect the presence of cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2-Rs) in healthy brains, but there has been demonstration of CB2-R expression in rat microglial cells and other brain associated cells during inflammation. Therefore, neuronal expression of CB2-Rs had been ambiguous and controversial and its role in depression and substance abuse is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study we tested the hypothesis that genetic variants of CB2 gene might be associated with depression in a human population and that alteration in CB2 gene expression may be involved in the effects of abused substances including opiates, cocaine and ethanol in rodents. Here we demonstrate that a high incidence of (Q63R) but not (H316Y) polymorphism in the CB2 gene was found in Japanese depressed subjects. CB2-Rs and their gene transcripts are expressed in the brains of naïve mice and are modulated following exposure to stressors and administration of abused drugs. Mice that developed alcohol preference had reduced CB2 gene expression and chronic treatment with JWH015 a putative CB2-R agonist, enhanced alcohol consumption in stressed but not in control mice. The direct intracerebroventricular microinjection of CB2 anti-sense oligonucleotide into the mouse brain reduced mouse aversions in the plus-maze test, indicating the functional presence of CB2-Rs in the brain that modifies behavior. We report for the using electron microscopy the sub cellular localization of CB2-Rs that are mainly on post-synaptic elements in rodent brain. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data demonstrate the functional expression of CB2-Rs in brain that may provide novel targets for the effects of cannabinoids in depression and substance abuse disorders beyond neuro-immunocannabinoid activity

Methos to study the behavioral effects and expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptors and its gene transcripts in chronic mild stress model of depression

Behavioral and molecular methods were used to study and determine whether there is a link between depression that may be a factor in drug/alcohol addiction, and the endocannabinoid hypothesis of substance abuse. Depression is a lack of interest in the pleasurable things of life (termed anhedonia) and depressed mood. It is unknown whether CB2 cannabinoid receptors are expressed in the brain and whether they are involved in depression and substance abuse. Therefore, mice were subjected daily for 4 wk to chronic mild stress (CMS), and anhedonia was measured by the consumption of 2% sucrose solution. Behavioral and rewarding effects of abused substances were determined in the CMS and control animals. The expression of CB2 receptors and their gene transcripts was compared in the brains of CMS and control animals by Western blotting using CB2 receptor antibody and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, the expression and immunocytochemical identification of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in the rat brain were determined. CMS induced gender-specific aversions, which were blocked by WIN 55,212-2, a nonspecific CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist. Direct CB2 antisense oligonucleotide microinjection into the mouse brain induced anxiolysis, indicating that CB2 or CB2-like receptors are present in the brain and may influence behavior. The major finding from these studies was the expression of CB2 receptor and its gene transcript in the mouse brain, which was enhanced by CMS. These preliminary results, if confirmed, suggest that the CB2 receptors.Fil: Onaiv, Emmanuel S.. No especifíca;Fil: Ishiguro, Hiroki. No especifíca;Fil: Sejal, Patel. No especifíca;Fil: Meozzi, Paul A.. No especifíca;Fil: Myers, Lester. No especifíca;Fil: Tagliaferro, Patricia. No especifíca;Fil: Hope, Bruce. No especifíca;Fil: Leonard, Claire M.. No especifíca;Fil: Uhl, George R.. No especifíca;Fil: Brusco, Herminia Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Gardner, Eileen. No especifíca

Presence of <i>CB2</i> gene in the brain.

<p>A, Relative brain expression of <i>CB2</i> gene in C57BL/6J and BALBc strains subjected to stress. <i>B</i>, Relative <i>CB2</i> gene expression levels in the striatum, midbrain, and hippocampus of C57Bl/6J mice. <i>C</i>, Mouse whole brain relative <i>CB2</i> gene expression levels following chronic treatment with heroin and cocaine. <i>D</i>, relative <i>CB2</i> gene expression levels in striatum and midbrain of mice that developed alcohol preference. <i>CB2</i> gene expression was relative to the standard laboratory brain obtained from C57BL/6J that was set to 1.0. The positive control was from the spleen and no cDNA in TaqMan PCR reaction served as negative controls.</p

Brain CB2-Rs: Immunoblots, genotyping and <i>in-situ</i> hybridization.

<p><i>A</i>, <i>In-situ</i> hybridization indicating <i>CB2</i> gene is expressed in the cerebellum of wild type and not in the cerebellum of the CB2-R deficient mice and also in sense controls in the wild type mice. <i>B</i>, RFLP genotyping discrimination on agarose gel for <i>CB2</i> Q63R polymorphism in depressed subjects (Ba) and, Resequences of <i>CB2</i> Q63R polymorphism (Bb). <i>C</i>, Western blotting of CB2-Rs in CMS and control mice (left panel) and in right panel in mice exposed to 4 mg/kg capsaicin in utero.</p

Brain CB2-Rs: Immunohistochemistry in mouse and rat brain.

<p><i>A</i>, CB2-IR in apical dendrites and cell bodies of pyramidal neurons of rat cerebral cortex. <i>B</i>, CB2-IR in mouse cerebral cortex. <i>C</i>, CB2-IR in rat corpus callosum and <i>D</i>, CB2-IR in mouse hippocampal allocortex and some interneurons in the striatum oriens and stratum radiatum.</p

Brain CB2-Rs: Immunoractivity (IR) and pre-adsorption with immunizing peptide.

<p><i>A</i>, CB2-IR in the left panel and lack of CB2-IR in the right panel, <i>B</i>, when the CB2 antibody was pre-adsorped with the peptide.</p

Behavioral effects of CB2-R activation and blockade.

<p><i>A</i>, Mouse spontaneous locomotor activity following acute treatment with CB2 agonist JWH015 (1–20 mg/kg), in mouse strain, C57Bl/6 (a and b); BALBc, (c and d) and DBA/2 (e and f). <i>B</i>, Effect of JWH015 in C57Bl/6 mice in the two compartment black and white box, showing time spent in the black and white chamber. <i>C</i>, Acute effects of SR144528 – a CB2-R antagonist on DBA/2 mouse spontaneous locomotor activity and stereotype behavior. <i>D</i>, Acute effects of SR144528, in DBA/2 male and female mice in the two chamber black and white test box, showing time spent in the black and white chamber.</p

CB2-R gene targeting modifies behavior.

<p><i>A</i>, Behavioral effects of CB2 intracerebral gene targeting by antisense oligonucleotide microinjected into the mouse brain and performance of mice in plus-maze test was assessed before and after 3 days of twice daily microinjection. AS1 and AS2 were before and after CB2 antisense oligo microinjection. V1 and V2 are controls. <i>B</i>, performance in plus-maze test following CMS or mice exposed prenatally to capsaicin and the effect of JWH015 (20 mg/kg).</p