Synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of some 2- amino-4-phenyloxazole derivatives

Purpose: To prepare some 2-amino-4-(p-substituted phenyl)-oxazole derivatives and to evaluate their in vitro antiprotozoal activity against Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis.Methods: The 2-amino-4-(p-substituted phenyl)-oxazoles (a-g) were synthesized by microwave (MW) irradiation of mixtures of p-substituted 2-bromoacetophenones and urea in dimethylformamide (DMF). All compounds were identified by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and lowand high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). NMR assignments were made based on heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) experiments. Each synthesized compound’s melting point was determined. Antiprotozoal activity against Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis was quantified using a rigorous and sensitive subculture method. The commercial drug, metronidazole, was used as positive control. The 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the antiprotozoal agents for each protozoa was determined.Results: Seven 2-amino-4-(p-substituted phenyl)-oxazoles (a-g) were synthesized. The most active compounds against G. lamblia was 2-amino-4-(p-benzoyloxyphenyl)-oxazole (3d) with an IC50 of 1.17 μM, while compound 3e (2-amino-4-(p-bromophenyl)-oxazole) showed the highest anti-trichomonal activity (IC50, 1.89 μM).Conclusion: The in vitro antigiardial activity of 2-amino-4-(p-benzoyloxyphenyl) oxazole was higher than that exhibited by metronidazole; however, it is necessary increase the number of synthetic derivatives in order to be able to determine their structure-activity relationship.Keywords: Antiprotozoal, 2-Amino-4-phenyl-oxazoles, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginali

The Effect of Drying Temperature on the Phenolic Content and Functional Behavior of Flours Obtained from Lemon Wastes

Lemon processing generates thousands of tons of residues that can be preserved as flours by thermal treatment to obtain phenolic compounds with beneficial bioactivities. In this study, the effect of different drying temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 °C) on the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of phenolic compounds present in Citrus. lemon (L.) Burn f waste was determined. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds were also performed by UPLC-PDA and UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. Eriocitrin (19.79–27.29 mg g−1 DW) and hesperidin (7.63–9.10 mg g−1 DW) were detected as the major phenolic compounds in the flours by UPLC-PDA and confirmed by UPLC-ESI-MS. Antimicrobial activity determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was observed. Accordingly, a stable functional flour as a source of bioactive phenolic compounds obtained from lemon residues at 50 °C may be produced as a value-added product useful in various industrial sectors

Diario de Campo: Boletín Interno de los investigadores del área de Antropología. 95 (2007) diciembre. Diario de Campo

- David Maawad ensayo fotográfico: La minería en México por Antonio Saborit. - Los trabajadores mineros mexicanos y la persistencia de la identidad clasista por Nicolás Cárdenas García. - Conflicto social en el marco del desarrollo turístico de una comunidad maya de Yucatán. El caso yaxuná por Lourdes Rejón Patrón. - Del trueno a las cenizas. Reporte etnográfico en torno a la catástrofe acaecida en el templo pame de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción Santa María Acapulco, San Luis Potosí por Alejandro Vázquez Estrada, Mirza Mendoza Rico e Imelda Aguirre Mendoza. - Texcoco y la noción de persona por Jaime Enrique Carreón Flores. - Estar desnutrido en Hueyapan, Morelos. Representaciones diferenciales de los padres con respecto a sus hijos porAlfredo Paulo Maya. - El papel de la Antropología Forense en la investigación de asesinos seriales por Jorge Arturo Talavera González e Israel David Lara Barajas. - Los baños de Moctezuma en Chapultepec por Guadalupe Espinosa. - Etnocriollismo y eurocentismo en la historiografía argentina por Carlos Mariano Tur Donatti. - La noción de autenticidad y sus diversas repercusiones en la conservación del patrimonio cultural de México por Renata Schneider G.- El "proyecto Tarasco" cardenista: implicaciones actuales por Carlos García Mora. - La salud pública como suprema ley. Un manifiesto por la salud de los mexicanos por Paul Hersch Martínez y Jesús Armando Haro Encinas. - Suplemento 45. Historias del subsuelo. Seis siglos de minería en México