Association between Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Schoolchildren and Both Prenatal and Postnatal Factors: A Population-Based Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Although studies throughout the world have investigated potential factors involved in the occurrence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH), the findings are varied and inconclusive.</p><p>Objective</p><p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of MIH and identify associated prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors among Brazilian schoolchildren aged 8 and 9 years.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A cross-sectional study was conducted with a randomly selected population-based sample of 1181 schoolchildren. Information on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as well as prenatal, perinatal and postnatal aspects was obtained through questionnaires. The clinical examination included the investigation of MIH based on the criteria of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. Dental caries in the permanent dentition and developmental defects of enamel (DDE) on the primary second molars were also recorded. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, bivariate tests and Poisson regression with robust variance.</p><p>Results</p><p>The prevalence of MIH was 20.4%. MIH was more frequent among children with dental caries in the permanent dentition (PR: 2.67; 95% CI: 1.98–3.61), those with DDE on the primary second molars (PR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.87–3.45) and those who experienced asthma/bronchitis in the first four years of life (PR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.45–2.56).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The prevalence of MIH was high and was associated with dental caries, the presence of DDE on primary second molars and the experience of asthma/bronchitis in early life. These findings could be useful in the identification of children in need of shorter recall intervals to prevent the consequences of MIH, such as enamel breakdown dental caries.</p></div

Frequency distribution of MIH and crude prevalence ratio according to socioeconomic, demographic, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal and oral health characteristics (n = 1181).

<p>Frequency distribution of MIH and crude prevalence ratio according to socioeconomic, demographic, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal and oral health characteristics (n = 1181).</p

Prevalence ratio and confidence interval for associations between MIH and independent variables (n = 1181).

<p>Prevalence ratio and confidence interval for associations between MIH and independent variables (n = 1181).</p

Internal consistency of items on Social Capital Questionnaire for Adolescent Students divided into four subscales (sample of 101 12-year-olds), southeastern Brazil, 2013.

<p>Internal consistency of items on Social Capital Questionnaire for Adolescent Students divided into four subscales (sample of 101 12-year-olds), southeastern Brazil, 2013.</p

Summary of method employed for the development and validation of the questionnaire for measuring social capital among adolescent students.

<p>Summary of method employed for the development and validation of the questionnaire for measuring social capital among adolescent students.</p

Factor loadings of items on Social Capital Questionnaire for Adolescent Students divided into four factors of alternative model; exploratory factor analysis through principal components with varimax rotation (sample of 101 12-year-olds), southeastern Brazil, 2013.

<p>Loadings greater than 0.4 in bold type; Items in bold type: application of exploratory factor analysis.</p

Results of univariate logistic regression in exploratory analysis of social capital among 588 12-year-old students, Brazil, 2014.

<p>* Not incorporated into multiple regression analysis due to <i>p</i> > 0.20 in univariate logistic regression analysis.</p><p>** Removed from final model due to <i>p</i> < 0.20.</p><p>Results of univariate logistic regression in exploratory analysis of social capital among 588 12-year-old students, Brazil, 2014.</p

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of dental trauma and independent variables among 588 12-year-old schoolchildren, Brazil, 2014.

<p>OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p><p>* Ajusted for sex.</p><p>Multivariate logistic regression analysis of dental trauma and independent variables among 588 12-year-old schoolchildren, Brazil, 2014.</p

Weighted Kappa coefficients of items on Social Capital Questionnaire for Adolescent Students divided into three subscales (sample of 101 12-year-olds), southeastern Brazil, 2013.

<p>Weighted Kappa coefficients of items on Social Capital Questionnaire for Adolescent Students divided into three subscales (sample of 101 12-year-olds), southeastern Brazil, 2013.</p