Clinicopathological study of hysterectomised specimens

Background: Hysterectomy is the commonest major surgical procedure performed in gynecology. It can be done by abdominal or vaginal route and with the help of laparoscopy. Hysterectomy is an effective treatment option for many conditions like fibroid, abnormal uterine bleeding, endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine prolapse, pelvic inflammatory disease and cancer of reproductive organ when other treatment options are contraindicated or have failed, or if the woman no longer wishes to retain her menstrual and reproductive. The aim and objective of the study was to correlate indications of hysterectomy with histopathological findings in hysterectomised patients.Methods: A retrospective study was carried on 113 hysterectomised cases over a period of one year from June 2015 to May 2016. The data regarding the patient’s age, parity, clinical diagnosis, type of hysterectomy and histopathological diagnosis were reviewed by the records and analyzed.Results: A total of 113 cases of hysterectomies were studied. Hysterectomies were distributed over a wide age ranging from 20 years to 75 years. Most common age group was 41-50 years. Among hystectomies majority were done through vaginal route 86 (76.1%) and 26 (23%) cases were done through abdominal route. Most common clinical diagnosis was fibroid uterus in 44(38.9%) cases. Most of the hysterectomies were done for benign conditions. In final histopathological report most common diagnosis was fibroid uterus in 45(39.8%) hysterectomy specimens. It was correlated well with clinical diagnosis. Next most common histopathological diagnosis was Adenomyosis.Conclusions: Histopathological analysis correlated well with preoperative clinical diagnosis in majority of cases. The commonest indication and histopathological finding in our study was fibroid uterus. Next most common histopathological finding was Adenomyosis. Most commonly hysterectomies were done through vaginal route in our study

Correlation of sonographic prostate volume with international prostate symptom score in South Indian men

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in old age individuals, usually starts around the age of 40 years, the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia rises to more than 50% at 50 years of age to as much as 90% at the age of 85 years. Proven BPH patients suffer from moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that are symptoms related to storage and voiding of urine. This study was to determine relationship between sonologically measured prostate Volume and international prostate symptom score (IPSS).Methods: Clinically symptomatic 126 patients in the age group of 40-89 years were studied. All the patients underwent Transabdominal sonography for the estimation of prostate volume and clinical questionnaire for international prostate symptom score.  Statistical Analysis by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS version 16. Chi-Square test used and P values ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: Among 126 individuals, The maximum number of patients, that is 45 patients had the prostate volume measuring 31-50 cc (35.7%), followed by 25 patients (19.8%) had the volume measuring more than 50 cc. Maximum number of patients 52 (41.3%) were having severe symptoms, 47 (37.3%) patients were having moderate symptoms and 27 patients   symptoms and 27 patients (21.4%) were having mild symptoms. Prostate volume had statistically significant but weak correlation observed with IPSS (r=0.40, p=0.001), Weak Stream (r=0.31, p=0.001) and urgency (r=0.31, p=0.001).Conclusions: Prostate volume had statistically significant but weak correlation observed with IPSS.

Role of sonography in the assessment of dengue fever with serological correlation

Background: Dengue, caused by a flavivirus has emerged as a major public health problem in the Indian subcontinent. This study was to assess severity of disease by ultrasound findings and to correlate ultrasound findings with blood platelet count.Methods: A Cross sectional study carried out on 210 subjects who had serologically proven dengue fever were included in the study. Ultrasound of abdomen, pelvis and thorax was performed and imaging features were analysed by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS version 16. Chi-Square test used and P values ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: Mean age of patients 42± 19 years with 106(50.5%) males and 104(49.5%) females. The Gall bladder wall thickening was noted in majority (92.8%) of the study subjects followed by Right peri-renal collection in 112(53.3%), Splenomegaly in 105(50.0%) subjects and Hepatomegaly in 66(31.4%). The sonographic abnormalities including Gall bladder wall thickening, Right, Left and Bilateral perirenal collection, Splenomegaly, Hepatomegaly, Right and Left pleural effusion, were significantly higher in study subjects with decreased platelet count.Ascites was the commonest finding in 76 study subjects with platelet count between 60000-79000 (36.2%) and in 144 study subjects (68.5%) in the 20-59 years age group. As the   platelet count decreased the severity of ascites increased and was statistically significant (p≤0.05).Conclusions: A patient who presents with sonographically recognizable complications is more likely to have disease that requires immediate and aggressive management.

Semi Automated Movement Based Screening of Aqueous Extracts of Cinnamon Leaf, Almond, Beetroot Carrot, Ashwagandha and Tulsi on Caenorhabditis Elegans Model System for Health Beneficial Impact

The research was conducted at University of Agricultural Sciences Raichur during 2021-22. In this research Caenorhabditis elegans is utilized by the researchers to know the effects of various extracts, drugs, nano particles, xenobiotics, magnetic effects on behaviour, neuronal effects, feeding pathways, apoptosis, ageing related pathways. Experiments were performed to evaluate the traditional herbs (Cinnamon, Almond, Beetroot Carrot, Ashwagandha and Tulsi) consumption for their health beneficial effects by monitoring the movement as an end point. Movement of an organism is considered as the health and age influencing factor. As the movement is well maintained in organism means health is also well maintained. Hence consistent movement is the factor for the healthy life. In the present study the organism movement has been monitored from L4 onwards every day for 30 minute till 21st day of the survival by automated system. The worm movement during this period has been categorised based on activity in three categories from L4 to 4days the activity ranged from 28.0 units to 10 IR units, 5th to 15th day 27.82 to 14.67 and from 16th to 21st day ranged from 17.87 to 14.44 IR units in non exposed N2 wild type worms. There is a gradual increase in the activity has been recorded on the exposure to health beneficial extracts in a single dose of supplementation. Hence, the study concludes that the health supplements can impact on the move ability of worms and maintains consistent movement till 21 days. Further studies are required to establish comprehensive health beneficial effects of these extracts at organism level

Differential role of glucocorticoid receptor based on its cell type specific expression on tumor cells and infiltrating lymphocytes

Background: The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is frequently expressed in breast cancer (BC), and its prognostic implications are contingent on estrogen receptor (ER) status. To address conflicting reports and explore therapeutic potential, a GR signature (GRsig) independent of ER status was developed. We also investigated cell type-specific GR protein expression in BC tumor epithelial cells and infiltrating lymphocytes. Methods: GRsig was derived from Dexamethasone treated cell lines through a bioinformatic pipeline. Immunohistochemistry assessed GR protein expression. Associations between GRsig and tumor phenotypes (proliferation, cytolytic activity (CYT), immune cell distribution, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were explored in public datasets. Single-cell RNA sequencing data evaluated context-dependent GR roles, and a cell type-specific prognostic role was assessed in an independent BC cohort. Results: High GRsig levels were associated with a favorable prognosis across BC subtypes. Tumor-specific high GRsig correlated with lower proliferation, increased CYT, and anti-tumorigenic immune cells. Single-cell data analysis revealed higher GRsig expression in immune cells, negatively correlating with EMT while a positive correlation was observed with EMT primarily in tumor and stromal cells. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated the robust and independent predictive capability of GRsig for favorable prognosis. GR protein expression on immune cells in triple-negative tumors indicated a favorable prognosis. Conclusion: This study underscores the cell type-specific role of GR, where its expression on tumor cells is associated with aggressive features like EMT, while in infiltrating lymphocytes, it predicts a better prognosis, particularly within TNBC tumors. The GRsig emerges as a promising independent prognostic indicator across diverse BC subtypes

An androgen receptor regulated gene score is associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition features in triple negative breast cancers

Background: Androgen receptor (AR) is considered a marker of better prognosis in hormone receptor positive breast cancers (BC), however, its role in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is controversial. This may be attributed to intrinsic molecular differences or scoring methods for AR positivity. We derived AR regulated gene score and examined its utility in BC subtypes. Methods: AR regulated genes were derived by applying a bioinformatic pipeline on publicly available microarray data sets of AR+ BC cell lines and gene score was calculated as average expression of six AR regulated genes. Tumors were divided into AR high and low based on gene score and associations with clinical parameters, circulating androgens, survival and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were examined, further evaluated in invitro models and public datasets. Results: 53% (133/249) tumors were classified as AR gene score high and were associated with significantly better clinical parameters, disease-free survival (86.13 vs 72.69 months, log rank p = 0.032) when compared to AR low tumors. 36% of TNBC (N = 66) were AR gene score high with higher expression of EMT markers (p = 0.024) and had high intratumoral levels of 5α-reductase, enzyme involved in intracrine androgen metabolism. In MDA-MB-453 treated with dihydrotestosterone, SLUG expression increased, E-cadherin decreased with increase in migration and these changes were reversed with bicalutamide. Similar results were obtained in public datasets. Conclusion: Deciphering the role of AR in BC is difficult based on AR protein levels alone. Our results support the context dependent function of AR in driving better prognosis in ER positive tumors and EMT features in TNBC tumors