SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS EVALUATION FOR MULTIPATH EXTENSION OF AODV TO IMPROVE END TO END DELAY, ROUTE ERROR SENT, ROUTING LOAD AND PACKET DROP RATIO

This paper describes improvement in standard routing protocol AODV for mobile ad-hoc networks. Our mechanism setups multiple optimal paths based on bandwidth and delay. It allows to store multiple optimal paths based on Bandwidth and delay. At time of link failure, it will switch to next available path. To set up multiple paths, we have used the information that we get in the RREQ packet and also send RREP packet to more than one path. It reduces overhead of local route discovery at the time of link failure and because of this End to End Delay and Drop Ratio decreases. The main feature of our mechanism is that it is simple, efficient. We evaluate through simulations the performance of the AODV routing protocol including our scheme and we compare it with HLSMPRA (hot link split multi-path routing algorithm) Algorithm. Indeed, our scheme reduces routing load, End to End Delay, route error sent, and Packet drop ratio. The simulations have been performed using network simulator OPNET-14.0. The network simulator OPNET is discrete event simulation software for network simulations which means it simulates events such as sending, receiving, forwarding and dropping packets

A Survey on Face Recognition Techniques

Face detection is a computer technology that determines the locations and sizes of human faces in arbitrary (digital) images. It detects facial features and ignores anything else, such as buildings, trees and bodies. Face detection can be regarded as a specific case of object-class detection. In object-class detection, the task is to find the locations and sizes of all objects in an image that belong to a given class. Examples include upper torsos, pedestrians, and cars. Face detection can be regarded as a more general case of face localization. These days face detection is current research area. The face detection is normally done using ANN, CBIR, LDA and PCA. Keywords:- ANN, CBIR, LDA and PC

A comparison of Juniperus communis and Juniperus horizontalis habitat and selected life-history traits in northern Michigan and adjacent Canada.

Throughout the seven week period from June 22, 1992 to August 10, 1992, I have been observing two species, Juniperus communis v. depressa (Common or Ground Juniper) and Juniperus horizontalis (Creeping Savin) growing in the northern lower and upper peninsulas of Michigan and the northern shore of Lake Superior in Ontario, Canada. Both species are gymnosperms in the family Cupressaceae. J. communis is circumpolar in Northern latitudes, while J. horizontalis is found in northern latitudes across North America. In northern Michigan and Ontario, I have observed both species growing mainly on disturbed soils in and adjacent to clearings. Both species are native in Michigan with J. communis distributed throughout the state and J. horizontalis almost entirely found on the sandy or gravelly shores and dunes of the Great Lakes. These species may grow as cohorts in similar habitats throughout the range of J. horizontalis or may also be found growing in the absence of the other. Both species occur on open, disturbed sites, with J. communis more widely distributed and in greater abundance than J. horizontalis. In this paper, I will describe my observations of the morphology, phenology, reproduction, dispersal, and habitats of J. communis and J. horizontalis, and hopefully elucidate some of the factors governing similarities and differences in their distributions and habitat within Michigan and adjacent Northern Ontario.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/54383/1/2819.pdfDescription of 2819.pdf : Access restricted to on-site users at the U-M Biological Station

Fault Tolerant, Energy Saving Method for Reliable Information Propagation in Sensor Network

The reliability of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is affected by faults that may occur due to various reasons such as malfunctioning hardware, software glitches, dislocation, or environmental hazards, e.g. fire or flood. Due to inherent nature of these networks a sensor node may fail and hence the route may also fail. A WSN that is not prepared to deal with such situations may suffer a reduction in overall lifetime, or lead to hazardous consequences in critical application contexts. One of the major fault recovery techniques is the exploitation of redundancy, which is often a default condition in WSNs. Another major approach is the involvement of base stations or other resourceful nodes to maintain operations after failures. In this paper we proposed a fault tolerant method for fast, robust and guaranteed prorogation in sensor networks. The proposed multi path routing approach offer better bandwidth utilization, energy saving and guaranteed delivery of information. This approach also includes error reporting features. Before sending an event source node check the remaining Energy level and highest Data rate among all its gradients and select the path on the basis of route score which consider above factors

Optimism in stress & coping among Adolescents (correlational study)

Abstract This study is outlined to find out the connection between optimism, stress and coping among adolescents (boys & girls) of Srinagar Jammu and kashmir .Current study comprised of a large sample of 250 Adolescent students belonging to different degree colleges of srinagar . Psychological tools like the perceived stress scale by Cohen,Kamarck, & Mermelstein (1983) the “COPE” inventory by caver, Scheier, and Weintraub ( 1989) & Life orientation test Revised by Scheier and Carver, (1994) were administered among participants. The research findings show that there is a slightly negative correlation between optimism and stress. Overall, the negative correlation between optimism and stress implies that individuals who are more optimistic generally tend to experience less stress, although the strength of this relationship may be weak and influenced by various other factors. Use of instrumental social support, acceptance, active coping, positive reinterpretation, planning and suppression of competing activities were found to be positively related to optimism. Mental dis engagement, behavioural dis engagement, denial, emotions and religious coping were found to be negatively related to optimism

Throughput and Congestion Analysis with Improved Routing Algorithm

ABSTRACT: In this paper the problem of congestion due to overload of links are solved with the new routing algorithm in multipath. Unlike traditional routing schemes that route all traffic along a single path, multipath routing strategies split the traffic among several paths in order to ease congestion. It has been widely recognized that multipath routing can be fundamentally more efficient than the traditional approach of routing along single path. It has been shown that using multipath to route messages between any source-destination pair of nodes (instead of using single path) balances the load more evenly throughout the network. Our aim is the compute a set of loop free paths in order to allow routers to share the load on several next hops depending on the current load measurement. Based on AOMDV protocol the proposed approach achieves this by finding reliable and secure paths for data packets before transmitting them. Since paths are verified for security and reliability at the beginning of data transmission, here probability of packet loss/delay misbehavior is minimum. With the help of this algorithm we can provide better environment from its old networking counterparts. This algorithm works when overload comes on links, and the overload is balanced by the alternate paths or by multi-paths. As a result the throughput is improved and the packet loss is reduced compared to single path system

OPTIMAL ROUTE SELECTION STRATEGY FOR QOS IMPROVEMENT

An ad-hoc mobile network is a collection of mobile nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on a continual basis.Adhoc nodes operating in a single path, single channel model might experience packet loss and high latency due to the congestion caused. Nodes along the heavy traffic path could reach the maximum bandwidth limit and experience undesirable amounts of packet drop. In Adhoc networks the nodes are mobile and contain no infrastructure. Certain emergency messages have to be delivered with very low latency and high reliability. An efficient routing protocol should ensure reliable packet delivery in a timely manner. Our Proposed solution is to setup multiple optimal paths based on bandwidth and delay. It allows storing multiple optimal paths based on Bandwidth and delay. At time of link failure, it will switch to next available path. To set up multiple paths, we have used the information that we get in the RREQ packet and also send RREP packet to more than one path It reduces overhead of local route discovery at the time of link failure. We investigated the performance metrics namely Retransmission Attempt, Media Access Delay, Network Load by through OPNET simulation