A global phylogenomic analysis of the shiitake genus Lentinula

Lentinula is a broadly distributed group of fungi that contains the cultivated shiitake mushroom, L. edodes. We sequenced 24 genomes representing eight described species and several unnamed lineages of Lentinula from 15 countries on four continents. Lentinula comprises four major clades that arose in the Oligocene, three in the Americas and one in Asia–Australasia. To expand sampling of shiitake mushrooms, we assembled 60 genomes of L. edodes from China that were previously published as raw Illumina reads and added them to our dataset. Lentinula edodes sensu lato (s. lat.) contains three lineages that may warrant recognition as species, one including a single isolate from Nepal that is the sister group to the rest of L. edodes s. lat., a second with 20 cultivars and 12 wild isolates from China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East, and a third with 28 wild isolates from China, Thailand, and Vietnam. Two additional lineages in China have arisen by hybridization among the second and third groups. Genes encoding cysteine sulfoxide lyase (lecsl) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (leggt), which are implicated in biosynthesis of the organosulfur flavor compound lenthionine, have diversified in Lentinula. Paralogs of both genes that are unique to Lentinula (lecsl 3 and leggt 5b) are coordinately up-regulated in fruiting bodies of L. edodes. The pangenome of L. edodes s. lat. contains 20,308 groups of orthologous genes, but only 6,438 orthogroups (32%) are shared among all strains, whereas 3,444 orthogroups (17%) are found only in wild populations, which should be targeted for conservation

Structure of bis[ethyl (trifluoroacetyl)acetato]copper(II) and its adduct with 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine: EPR and X-ray study

Bis[ethyl (trifluoroacetyl)acetato]copper(II), [Cu(etfac)(2)], has been prepared and studied by X-ray crystallography and EPR spectroscopy. The complex is centrosymmetrical and crystallizes in the P2(1)/c space group with two formula units per unit cell. After dissolving of the complex in solid matrix or in suitable solvents some changes are detected in the EPR spectra and are discussed. The EPR spectra of the complex magnetically diluted in the corresponding Pd(II) complex reveal the presence of only one paramagnetic species further denoted as B. However, EPR spectra measured in solution indicate the presence of two different paramagnetic species: (i) non-distorted parent species B, and (ii) rhombic-distorted species A, which prevail in solutions. The A:B species ratio is a function of the solvent and temperature. The [Cu(etfac)2] adduct with 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine has also been studied and found to crystallize in the C2/c space group. The adduct EPR spectrum monitored in solution shows the presence of only one paramagnetic species. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved