Antidepressant drugs: evaluation of price variation

Background: Drugs are available in many different brands and costs of all brands are different. Patients of depression have to take the antidepressant drug for a long duration. If the cost of a drug is high patient has to pay more money for complete treatment. It can result in noncompliance and treatment failure. This study was aimed to evaluate the cost of antidepressant drugs of different classes and to analyze price variation in various antidepressant drugs available in India. Hence, we decided to do the study of price variations of antidepressant drugs.Methods: We had evaluated the cost of a different class of antidepressant drugs. Current Index of Medical Specialties October-December 2014 and Indian Drug Review 2015 issue 1 drug manuals were used to derive the cost of antidepressant drugs. Data about the cost of antidepressant drugs were collected for all the strength and dosage forms. The maximum price and minimum price for the different antidepressant drugs were identified, and calculation for the percentage of price variation was done.Results: Maximum percentage of price variation in different groups were 900% in reboxetine 2 mg (tricyclic antidepressants group), 495.23% in escitalopram 10 mg (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors group), 318.66% in duloxetine 20 mg capsules (serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors group), 243.58% in moclobemide 150 mg tablet (reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor), 84.93% in bupropion 150 mg sustained-release tablet (atypical antidepressants group). In combination escitalopram 10 mg + clonazepam 0.5 mg shows maximum price variation of 1101.92%.Conclusion: Price variation was wide for antidepressant drugs. Generic drug prescribing can decrease the expenditure of patient on the drug. Prescribers should be provided updated knowledge of the cost of different drugs. Modifications in pharmaceutical policy are required, and prices of the drug should be controlled in effective way for all the drugs

Mobile Wallets Adoption by Younger Generation: With Reference to North Gujarat

Mobile Wallets are the modern technology produced by mobile technology in India. With the UTAUT Model (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) into account, this study aims to determine the factors that influence people\u27s real intentions to use mobile wallets. For the study, primary data was collected through a scheduled questionnaire from Mobile Wallet users aged between 18 to 30 years from North Gujarat. Primary data were processed and analysed through Multiple Regression Analysis. The findings of the research provide keen insides to the service provider, system developer, and government for policy formulation and better implications

Improvement in the Spread Spectrum System in DSSS, FHSS, AND CDMA

© ASEE 2009In this paper, we introduce spread spectrum links that can be used to overcome intentional jamming. The problem of communicating in the presence of jamming is very much akin to the problem of communicating over fading channels. Hence, by finding out how to defeat jamming by spread spectrum will also reveal how to overcome fading. Today, spread spectrum links are also used in many civilian systems to overcome non-intentional jamming (or interference), and the report is concluded with an overview of current commercial spread spectrum systems. In addition to the traditional coherent spread-spectrum systems, the definition of an ideal modified version is introduced and this model is analyzed from an information theoretic viewpoint. The project uses a simple point-to-point communication system with fully synchronized transmitter and receiver in a simple channel with white Gaussian noise and arbitrary jamming signal. We prove that in traditional systems the channel converges to a Gaussian noisy channel in the limit in the case of almost any jamming signal, and in our new ideal modified system the channel converges to a white Gaussian noisy channel in the limit in the case of any jamming signal when the processing gain goes to infinity

A study of histopathological spectrum of central nervous system lesions at a tertiary health care center of South Gujarat, India

Background: Central nervous system lesions can have varied aetiology like infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic. Establishing an accurate aetiology is essential for timely diagnosis and neurosurgical intervention. The annual incidence of tumours of CNS ranges from 10 to 17 per 100,000 people for intracranial tumours and 1 to 2 per 100,000 people for intraspinal tumours; the majority of these are primary tumours, and only one fourth to one half are metastastic. The present study attempts to provide preliminary data on morphological patterns of intracranial lesions and to study clinicopathological spectrum.Methods: The present study was carried out at a tertiary care center from January 2015 to September 2017. A total of 65 cases of CNS lesions were analyzed. In case of CNS tumours reporting were done according to WHO criteria for classification and grading.Results: Out of 65 cases studied, 51 cases (78.46%) were of neoplastic lesions and 14 cases (21.54%) of non-neoplastic lesions. Among 14 cases of non-neoplastic lesions 2 cases were of reactive/cystic lesions, 4 cases  were of infective lesions, and 8 cases were of congenital lesions. In the present study, out of 51 neoplastic cases most common cases were of astrocytoma.Conclusions: The exact histopathological diagnosis of Central Nervous system lesions is essential to predict the prognosis and treatment. Management strategies and prognosis of tumours depends on the correlation of factors like the types, grades of tumours, its location, size and stage of development

COMPARISION OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND MAGNESIUM SULPHATE AS AN ADJUVANT TO BUPIVACAINE FOR TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS PLANE BLOCK IN CAESAREAN DELIVERY FOR POST OPERATIVE ANALGESIA

Introduction: Postoperative pain relief can be achieved by a variety of techniques including peripheral nerve block, parenteral NSAIDS, epidural analgesia, neuraxial local analgesics. The transverse abdominis plane block is a local anaesthetic block used to provide analgesia to the anterior and lateral abdominal wall. Methods: The prospective randomised study carried out in 90 patients belonging to ASA 1, 2 posted for LSCS and divided into 3 groups,30 patients each. All patients receive TAPP block at the end of surgery. Group B received TAPP block with 18 ml 0.25% bupivacaine 18ml with 2ml NS. Group BM received 0.25% bupivacaine with 1.5ml (150mg) of magnesium sulfate and 0.5ml of NS. Group BD received 20ml of bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine 0.5 mcg/kg with 2ml NS. Results: Combination of 0.25% bupivacaine and 150mg magnesium sulfate and combination of 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.5mcg/kg dexmedetomidine provides longer duration of analgesia compared to 0.25% bupivacaine alone. Conclusion: Maximum duration of analgesia observed with combination of 0.25% bupivacaine and magnesium sulfate 150mg.Thus TAPP block when used as a part of multimodal regime provided superior analgesia up to 48 hours and reduced the need of opioid analgesia following LSCS under spinal anaesthesia

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted during 2008-09 and 2009-10 post-rainy seasons at Navsari, Gujarat to evaluate the effects of land configuration, fertilizers and farm yard manure (FYM) application on productivity, water use efficiency, nutrient uptake, soil fertility status and the economics of green gram ( Vigna radiata L.) cultivation. The raised bed method of planting was found superior as was evident from significant increase in growth and yield attributes, grain (0.93 t/ha) and stover yield (2.27 t/ha), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake, net returns ( 37.6 × 103/ha) and B:C ratio (3.9) and decrease in plant mortality percent. Application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (20 kg/ha) and phosphorus (40 kg P2O5/ha) recorded significantly higher growth and yield attributes, grain and stover yield, IWUE, NPK uptake, available NPK in the soil, net returns and B:C ratio over the application of 75% of recommended dose of N and P. Similarly, the application of FYM at 5t/ha recorded statistically higher growth and yield attributes, grain and stover yield, IWUE, NPK uptake, available NPK in the soil after harvest, net returns and B:C ratio and decrease in plant mortality percent over no FYM application.Not Availabl

Response of saline water irrigated greengram (Vigna radiata) to land configuration, fertilizers and farm yard manure in Tapi command area of south Gujarat

A field experiment was conducted during 2008–09 and 2009–10 post-rainy seasons at Navsari, Gujarat to evaluate the effects of land configuration, fertilizers and farm yard manure (FYM) application on productivity, water use efficiency, nutrient uptake, soil fertility status and the economics of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) cultivation. The raised bed method of planting was found superior as was evident from significant increase in growth and yield attributes, grain (0.93 t/ha) and stover yield (2.27 t/ha), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake, net returns (37.6 × 103/ha) and B:C ratio (3.9) and decrease in plant mortality percent. Application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (20 kg/ha) and phosphorus (40 kg P2O5/ha) recorded significantly higher growth and yield attributes, grain and stover yield, IWUE, NPK uptake, available NPK in the soil, net returns and B:C ratio over the application of 75% of recommended dose of N and P. Similarly, the application of FYM at 5t/ha recorded statistically higher growth and yield attributes, grain and stover yield, IWUE, NPK uptake, available NPK in the soil after harvest, net returns and B:C ratio and decrease in plant mortality percent over no FYM applicatio

Anchoring genome sequence to chromosomes of the central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) enables reconstruction of ancestral squamate macrochromosomes and identifies sequence content of the Z chromosome

We report here the first genome assembly and annotation of the human-pathogenic fungus Scedosporium aurantiacum, with a predicted 10,525 genes, and 11,661 transcripts. The strain WM 09.24 was isolated from the environment at Circular Quay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australi