Antidepressant drugs: evaluation of price variation

Background: Drugs are available in many different brands and costs of all brands are different. Patients of depression have to take the antidepressant drug for a long duration. If the cost of a drug is high patient has to pay more money for complete treatment. It can result in noncompliance and treatment failure. This study was aimed to evaluate the cost of antidepressant drugs of different classes and to analyze price variation in various antidepressant drugs available in India. Hence, we decided to do the study of price variations of antidepressant drugs.Methods: We had evaluated the cost of a different class of antidepressant drugs. Current Index of Medical Specialties October-December 2014 and Indian Drug Review 2015 issue 1 drug manuals were used to derive the cost of antidepressant drugs. Data about the cost of antidepressant drugs were collected for all the strength and dosage forms. The maximum price and minimum price for the different antidepressant drugs were identified, and calculation for the percentage of price variation was done.Results: Maximum percentage of price variation in different groups were 900% in reboxetine 2 mg (tricyclic antidepressants group), 495.23% in escitalopram 10 mg (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors group), 318.66% in duloxetine 20 mg capsules (serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors group), 243.58% in moclobemide 150 mg tablet (reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor), 84.93% in bupropion 150 mg sustained-release tablet (atypical antidepressants group). In combination escitalopram 10 mg + clonazepam 0.5 mg shows maximum price variation of 1101.92%.Conclusion: Price variation was wide for antidepressant drugs. Generic drug prescribing can decrease the expenditure of patient on the drug. Prescribers should be provided updated knowledge of the cost of different drugs. Modifications in pharmaceutical policy are required, and prices of the drug should be controlled in effective way for all the drugs

Improvement in the Spread Spectrum System in DSSS, FHSS, AND CDMA

© ASEE 2009In this paper, we introduce spread spectrum links that can be used to overcome intentional jamming. The problem of communicating in the presence of jamming is very much akin to the problem of communicating over fading channels. Hence, by finding out how to defeat jamming by spread spectrum will also reveal how to overcome fading. Today, spread spectrum links are also used in many civilian systems to overcome non-intentional jamming (or interference), and the report is concluded with an overview of current commercial spread spectrum systems. In addition to the traditional coherent spread-spectrum systems, the definition of an ideal modified version is introduced and this model is analyzed from an information theoretic viewpoint. The project uses a simple point-to-point communication system with fully synchronized transmitter and receiver in a simple channel with white Gaussian noise and arbitrary jamming signal. We prove that in traditional systems the channel converges to a Gaussian noisy channel in the limit in the case of almost any jamming signal, and in our new ideal modified system the channel converges to a white Gaussian noisy channel in the limit in the case of any jamming signal when the processing gain goes to infinity

A study of histopathological spectrum of central nervous system lesions at a tertiary health care center of South Gujarat, India

Background: Central nervous system lesions can have varied aetiology like infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic. Establishing an accurate aetiology is essential for timely diagnosis and neurosurgical intervention. The annual incidence of tumours of CNS ranges from 10 to 17 per 100,000 people for intracranial tumours and 1 to 2 per 100,000 people for intraspinal tumours; the majority of these are primary tumours, and only one fourth to one half are metastastic. The present study attempts to provide preliminary data on morphological patterns of intracranial lesions and to study clinicopathological spectrum.Methods: The present study was carried out at a tertiary care center from January 2015 to September 2017. A total of 65 cases of CNS lesions were analyzed. In case of CNS tumours reporting were done according to WHO criteria for classification and grading.Results: Out of 65 cases studied, 51 cases (78.46%) were of neoplastic lesions and 14 cases (21.54%) of non-neoplastic lesions. Among 14 cases of non-neoplastic lesions 2 cases were of reactive/cystic lesions, 4 cases  were of infective lesions, and 8 cases were of congenital lesions. In the present study, out of 51 neoplastic cases most common cases were of astrocytoma.Conclusions: The exact histopathological diagnosis of Central Nervous system lesions is essential to predict the prognosis and treatment. Management strategies and prognosis of tumours depends on the correlation of factors like the types, grades of tumours, its location, size and stage of development

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted during 2008-09 and 2009-10 post-rainy seasons at Navsari, Gujarat to evaluate the effects of land configuration, fertilizers and farm yard manure (FYM) application on productivity, water use efficiency, nutrient uptake, soil fertility status and the economics of green gram ( Vigna radiata L.) cultivation. The raised bed method of planting was found superior as was evident from significant increase in growth and yield attributes, grain (0.93 t/ha) and stover yield (2.27 t/ha), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake, net returns ( 37.6 × 103/ha) and B:C ratio (3.9) and decrease in plant mortality percent. Application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (20 kg/ha) and phosphorus (40 kg P2O5/ha) recorded significantly higher growth and yield attributes, grain and stover yield, IWUE, NPK uptake, available NPK in the soil, net returns and B:C ratio over the application of 75% of recommended dose of N and P. Similarly, the application of FYM at 5t/ha recorded statistically higher growth and yield attributes, grain and stover yield, IWUE, NPK uptake, available NPK in the soil after harvest, net returns and B:C ratio and decrease in plant mortality percent over no FYM application.Not Availabl

Response of saline water irrigated greengram (Vigna radiata) to land configuration, fertilizers and farm yard manure in Tapi command area of south Gujarat

A field experiment was conducted during 2008–09 and 2009–10 post-rainy seasons at Navsari, Gujarat to evaluate the effects of land configuration, fertilizers and farm yard manure (FYM) application on productivity, water use efficiency, nutrient uptake, soil fertility status and the economics of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) cultivation. The raised bed method of planting was found superior as was evident from significant increase in growth and yield attributes, grain (0.93 t/ha) and stover yield (2.27 t/ha), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake, net returns (37.6 × 103/ha) and B:C ratio (3.9) and decrease in plant mortality percent. Application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (20 kg/ha) and phosphorus (40 kg P2O5/ha) recorded significantly higher growth and yield attributes, grain and stover yield, IWUE, NPK uptake, available NPK in the soil, net returns and B:C ratio over the application of 75% of recommended dose of N and P. Similarly, the application of FYM at 5t/ha recorded statistically higher growth and yield attributes, grain and stover yield, IWUE, NPK uptake, available NPK in the soil after harvest, net returns and B:C ratio and decrease in plant mortality percent over no FYM applicatio

Anchoring genome sequence to chromosomes of the central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) enables reconstruction of ancestral squamate macrochromosomes and identifies sequence content of the Z chromosome

We report here the first genome assembly and annotation of the human-pathogenic fungus Scedosporium aurantiacum, with a predicted 10,525 genes, and 11,661 transcripts. The strain WM 09.24 was isolated from the environment at Circular Quay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australi

Clinical and basic implications of dynamic T cell receptor clonotyping in hematopoietic cell transplantation

TCR repertoire diversification constitutes a foundation for successful immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Deep TCR V beta sequencing of 135 serial specimens from a cohort of 35 allo-HCT recipients/donors was performed to dissect posttransplant TCR architecture and dynamics. Paired analysis of clonotypic repertoires showed a minimal overlap with donor expansions. Rarefied and hyperexpanded clonotypic patterns were hallmarks of T cell reconstitution and influenced clinical outcomes. Donor and pretransplant TCR diversity as well as divergence of class I human leukocyte antigen genotypes were major predictors of recipient TCR repertoire recovery. Complementary determining region 3-based specificity spectrum analysis indicated a predominant expansion of pathogen- and tumor-associated clonotypes in the late post-allo-HCT phase, while autoreactive clones were more expanded in the case of graft-versus-host disease occurrence. These findings shed light on post-allo-HCT adaptive immune reconstitution processes and possibly help in tracking alloreactive responses