Evaluation of Seal Integrity of Flexible Food Polytrays by Destructive and Non-Destructive Techniques

The companies which supply military ration packages (MRP) have been suffering significant loss due to high rejection rate (more than 20 %) by the military. The standards set by the military, as far as acceptance of packages is concerned, are very high and conservative. The means employed are also based mostly on visual observation. The aim of the project is to quantitatively device test which reduce the high rejections the companies are incurring. Thus the drive behind this project is to determine the extent to which certain defects affect the seal strength of food trays. Earlier work on this project was used as a guideline to decide the parameters for an optimized test. A package which develops a significant leak under a pressure of 20 psi is considered a defective package irrespective whether it has any visual defects. With the current laboratory set-up, leaks as low as 4-5 cc/minute were identified. The food packages with different defects namely; short seals, entrapped matter, blisters and air bubbles, tunneling, and wrinkles from Stegner and Wornick Co were tested destructively and non-destructively. A destructive burst test was used to test the burst pressures and the leak developed in trays. A computer interface was designed using National Instrument Labview® program which could automatically detect the leak through the seal and measure the pressure in the package while simultaneously increasing the pressure in step mode. Based on the results from the burst test, a systematic study of the burst pressures that different types of defective packages withstood and the correlation with the seal width was carried out. It was found that non-defective trays from both Stegner and Wornick performed equally well averaging 34.2 and 34.4 psi respectively. Blisters and entrapped matter seemed to drastically reduce the average burst pressure for Stegner trays, while Wornick trays with these defects did not show a substantial reduction in the burst pressure. Stegner trays with blisters in their seals sustained the average burst pressure of 23 psi, while those from Wornick performed better than their counterparts sustaining 35 psi. Short seal trays from Wornick were found to perform better than non-defective trays sustaining 37.7 psi, while those from Stegner sustained 28.3 psi. Although burst test gives the quantitative measure of seal strength, it cannot be implemented on the production line to test 100% of the production packages. The stress condition developed in the package as a result of burst test was simulated using a finite element analysis program Femlab®. Simulations were performed to better understand the visual presentation of stresses in the package; especially across the seal. Three-dimensional simulations although more effective; needed the coupling equations between the acrylic plate of a burst chamber and lid of a package. Two-dimensional simulations were performed with varying distances between acrylic plate and lid at constant boundary conditions gave exponential increase in the stress across the seal. Non-destructive techniques such as ultrasonic C-scan inspection and infrared thermography were examined as techniques which could be installed in-line to detect the defects in the seal and reduce the defective packages reaching the consumer. Pulse-echo technique was used for ultrasonic inspection. Only packages with tunneling defects were tested. The presence of tunneling could be seen on the images. But the presence of small diameter channels like 50.8 microns could not be seen at all. So after some experiments the technique was not found of high utility and lacked the reproducibility. The infrared thermography on the other hand showed promise as a useful utility. Polytrays with many kinds of defects were examined using infrared camera. A 100W lamp was used to heat the packages. Differential heat loss across the defect was recorded by the camera. The results from burst tests were complimented using characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM data was also complimented by FTIR/ATR spectroscopy technique to analyze as to which layer was undergoing delamination during the burst. Delamination was seen to occur between PP/PET layers for the trays which burst. Crazing was seen as the failure mechanism for PP

A moving control volume approach to computing hydrodynamic forces and torques on immersed bodies

We present a moving control volume (CV) approach to computing hydrodynamic forces and torques on complex geometries. The method requires surface and volumetric integrals over a simple and regular Cartesian box that moves with an arbitrary velocity to enclose the body at all times. The moving box is aligned with Cartesian grid faces, which makes the integral evaluation straightforward in an immersed boundary (IB) framework. Discontinuous and noisy derivatives of velocity and pressure at the fluid-structure interface are avoided and far-field (smooth) velocity and pressure information is used. We re-visit the approach to compute hydrodynamic forces and torques through force/torque balance equation in a Lagrangian frame that some of us took in a prior work (Bhalla et al., J Comp Phys, 2013). We prove the equivalence of the two approaches for IB methods, thanks to the use of Peskin's delta functions. Both approaches are able to suppress spurious force oscillations and are in excellent agreement, as expected theoretically. Test cases ranging from Stokes to high Reynolds number regimes are considered. We discuss regridding issues for the moving CV method in an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) context. The proposed moving CV method is not limited to a specific IB method and can also be used, for example, with embedded boundary methods

Ruptured ectopic pregnancy in rudimentary horn

A unicornuate uterus with a rudimentary horn is a rare mullerian abnormality which may cause many gynaecological and obstetrical complications like infertility, endometriosis, hematometra, abortions, and preterm deliveries; and is usually associated with urinary tract anomalies. Pregnancy in a non-communicating rudimentary horn is very difficult to diagnose before it ruptures, leading to life -threatening intraperitoneal hemorrhage, which usually presents in the second or third trimester. A 23 year old G2P1L1 in lactational amenorrhea was admitted to the labour room with haemorrhagic shock. Provisionally diagnosed as ruptured ectopic pregnancy, patient was taken for laparotomy after resuscitation. Intraoperative findings were: haemoperitoneum of 3 liters, unicornuate uterus with a ruptured left rudimentary non-communicating horn containing products of conception, and macroscopically normal fallopian tubes and ovaries. The left adnexa were attached to the rudimentary horn. Excision of the rudimentary horn was done. The fetus, weighing about 250 grams, was recovered en-sac from the peritoneal cavity. There is a need for an increased awareness of rudimentary horn pregnancy especially in developing countries where the possibility of detection before pregnancy or before the rupture is unlikely, and precious time is lost in shifting these women to the referral hospital

Quasiequilibrium lattice Boltzmann models with tunable bulk viscosity for enhancing stability

Taking advantage of a closed-form generalized Maxwell distribution function [ P. Asinari and I. V. Karlin Phys. Rev. E 79 036703 (2009)] and splitting the relaxation to the equilibrium in two steps, an entropic quasiequilibrium (EQE) kinetic model is proposed for the simulation of low Mach number flows, which enjoys both the H theorem and a free-tunable parameter for controlling the bulk viscosity in such a way as to enhance numerical stability in the incompressible flow limit. Moreover, the proposed model admits a simplification based on a proper expansion in the low Mach number limit (LQE model). The lattice Boltzmann implementation of both the EQE and LQE is as simple as that of the standard lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (LBGK) method, and practical details are reported. Extensive numerical testing with the lid driven cavity flow in two dimensions is presented in order to verify the enhancement of the stability region. The proposed models achieve the same accuracy as the LBGK method with much rougher meshes, leading to an effective computational speed-up of almost three times for EQE and of more than four times for the LQE. Three-dimensional extension of EQE and LQE is also discussed