Reality Check: The Need to Repair the Broken System of Delegating Legislative Power Under the National Emergencies Act

When the National Emergencies Act was enacted in 1976, Congress could revoke a national emergency declaration by the President by a simple majority vote. Following a major Supreme Court decision in 1983, Congress, to simply retain its own legislative authority, suddenly was required to muster the support of two-thirds of the members of each chamber to override such a declaration. This Article proposes a practical, simple, and sturdy repair to the National Emergencies Act that will limit the potential for executive abuses by requiring Congress to extend, rather than to revoke, a national emergency declaration

The manipulation of massive ro-vibronic superpositions using time-frequency-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (TFRCARS): from quantum control to quantum computing

Molecular ro-vibronic coherences, joint energy-time distributions of quantum amplitudes, are selectively prepared, manipulated, and imaged in Time-Frequency-Resolved Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (TFRCARS) measurements using femtosecond laser pulses. The studies are implemented in iodine vapor, with its thermally occupied statistical ro-vibrational density serving as initial state. The evolution of the massive ro-vibronic superpositions, consisting of 1000 eigenstates, is followed through two-dimensional images. The first- and second-order coherences are captured using time-integrated frequency-resolved CARS, while the third-order coherence is captured using time-gated frequency-resolved CARS. The Fourier filtering provided by time integrated detection projects out single ro-vibronic transitions, while time-gated detection allows the projection of arbitrary ro-vibronic superpositions from the coherent third-order polarization. Beside the control and imaging of chemistry, the controlled manipulation of massive quantum coherences suggests the possibility of quantum computing. We argue that the universal logic gates necessary for arbitrary quantum computing - all single qubit operations and the two-qubit controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate - are available in time resolved four-wave mixing in a molecule. The molecular rotational manifold is naturally "wired" for carrying out all single qubit operations efficiently, and in parallel. We identify vibronic coherences as one example of a naturally available two-qubit CNOT gate, wherein the vibrational qubit controls the switching of the targeted electronic qubit.Comment: PDF format. 59 pages, including 22 figures. To appear in Chemical Physic

Reality Check: The Need to Repair the Broken System of Delegating Legislative Power Under the National Emergencies Act

When the National Emergencies Act was enacted in 1976, Congress could revoke a national emergency declaration by the President by a simple majority vote. Following a major Supreme Court decision in 1983, Congress, to simply retain its own legislative authority, suddenly was required to muster the support of two-thirds of the members of each chamber to override such a declaration. This Article proposes a practical, simple, and sturdy repair to the National Emergencies Act that will limit the potential for executive abuses by requiring Congress to extend, rather than to revoke, a national emergency declaration