Genèse de l'idéo-réalisme

The sources of Proudhon's ideo-realismLes origines d'une méthode philosophique proudhonienn

Saint-Augustin, Proudhon, antithèses

Proudhon cite peu Saint-Augustin, mais le parallèle d'un contexte historique à son tournant offre matière à réfléchir. D'autant que Proudhon, anticlérical concède au Père de l'Eglise, un rang de philosophe, occasion d'aborder la fondation du discours philosophique au travers de la confession

Lucidité fouriériste, délire proudhonien, défoulements et refoulements autour du mariage

Le mariage en question chez Proudhon et Fourie

Keeping Track: CLTS Monitoring, Certification and Verification

Monitoring, verification and certification are critical elements of the CLTS process and contribute to ensuring sustainability of ODF as well as learning about changes that are needed to improve implementation. Monitoring includes both process and progress monitoring. Verification tends to be led by NGOs or government with clear criteria and methodologies being developed, often incorporating multiple assessment visits over an extended period of time. Certification and celebration of ODF communities acknowledge their achievement and helps to raise awareness in the surrounding areas. The adoption of CLTS as a national approach in many countries has resulted in national protocols and guidance documents as well as various methodologies for community engagement and data collection to aid the processes of monitoring, verification and certification. Increasingly, the importance of post ODF monitoring is being recognised. We need to know more about how to incorporate this into implementation to ensure longer term sustainability of behaviour change and of toilets. Similarly, effective collection, management and utilisation of data are a challenge. Other emerging issues relate to reliability and accuracy of monitoring and verification; encouraging appropriate attitudes to encourage learning rather than fault finding; and how to incentivise staff involved in monitoring and verification. We also need to know more about monitoring for long term sustainability of behaviour change and inclusion. Many of these issues are being investigated through local, national and international learning processes.Sid

Tracking Progress and Sustainability: Monitoring, Verification and Certification of CLTS

Monitoring, verification and certification are essential for ensuring the success and sustainability of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) efforts. Monitoring assesses and documents progress towards and the sustainability of Open Defecation Free (ODF) status. Verification and certification provide a goal for communities and help implementing agencies and governments to ensure consistency and reliability of desired outcomes. This Learning Brief considers the issues and challenges that are emerging around monitoring, verification and certification as CLTS is being used at scale. Whilst there has been progress, significant gaps in practice still remain. These would benefit from further innovation and lesson learning. This document complements a longer report, Keeping Track: CLTS Monitoring, Certification and Verification, accessible at http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/resource/keepingtrack-clts-monitoring-certification-and-verification .Sid

RPF Issues Statement of Burundi Government

RPF Issues Statement of Burundi Governmenthttps://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/rawson_rwanda/1037/thumbnail.jp

Proudhon: l'atelier, la maison et l'avenir de l'art

Considering social link within the workshop and the household, and their interference with art and esthetism.Le lien social vu à travers la conjonction des deux pôles fondamentaux de l'économie, le foyer et l'atelier; le rôle de l'art dans la dynamique sociale avec pour questionnement sous-jacent: quel lieu pour l'art

Des liens à opérer entre le travail, le mariage et le repos. Courbet illustrateur de Proudhon

National audienceL'amitié et la coopération entre Courbet et Proudhon ont donné lieu à la rédaction de l'ouvrage posthume, Du principe de l'art et de sa destination sociale, à la lumière d'autres ouvrages de Proudhon, principalement De la célébration du dimanche, nous verrons comment la peinture de Courbet illustre la pensée du philosophe Franc-Comtois

Irreducible free energy expansion and overlaps locking in mean field spin glasses

We introduce a diagrammatic formulation for a cavity field expansion around the critical temperature. This approach allows us to obtain a theory for the overlap's fluctuations and, in particular, the linear part of the Ghirlanda-Guerra relationships (GG) (often called Aizenman-Contucci polynomials (AC)) in a very simple way. We show moreover how these constraints are "superimposed" by the symmetry of the model with respect to the restriction required by thermodynamic stability. Within this framework it is possible to expand the free energy in terms of these irreducible overlaps fluctuations and in a form that simply put in evidence how the complexity of the solution is related to the complexity of the entropy.Comment: 19 page