Antimicrobial Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles As an Alternative to Cu Biocide for Crop Protection

In agriculture, prolonged use of copper biocides increases the risk of development of Cu resistance and its accumulation in soil, demanding an alternative. In this paper, we report antimicrobial magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles (NPs) as an alternative to Cu biocides with low cytotoxicity. To improved bioavailability, Mg hydroxide NPs were synthesized followed by coating with water-soluble capping agents, trisodium citrate (zeta potential, ξ = −22 mV) or betaine (ξ = +35 mV). Electron microscopy study confirmed the formation of ∼10-nm-sized cubical NPs with citrate and ∼100-nm-sized lamellar NPs with betaine. As-synthesized Mg hydroxide NPs inhibited bacterial growth of <i>X. alfalfae</i>, <i>P. syringae</i>, and <i>E. coli</i> within 4 h. Significant bacterial growth inhibition and killing were observed at 24 h post-treatment. Phytotoxicity studies on tomato plants showed no significant tissue injury. Therefore, Mg hydroxide NPs have the potential to serve as a Cu alternative

The schematic representations of the operons with corresponding Ure subunits, and deletion sites of mutant strains 1330Δ1K, 1330Δ2K and 1330Δ2C

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "urease encoded by 1 but not 2 is necessary for intestinal infection of BALB/c mice"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/57</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():57-57.</p><p>Published online 19 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1983905.</p><p></p> A: 1 operon. B: 2 operon. The numbers represent the location of the genes in the chromosome I

Survival of strains 1330, 1330Δ1K, 1330Δ2K, and 1330Δ2C after incubation at pH 2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "urease encoded by 1 but not 2 is necessary for intestinal infection of BALB/c mice"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/57</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():57-57.</p><p>Published online 19 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1983905.</p><p></p>0 with or without urea. At each urea concentration, the value for the difference among mean cfu wa

Recovery of cfu from spleens one week after BALB/c mice were inoculated by gavage with wild type strain 1330 or strain 1330Δ1KΔ2C with or without urea supplementation

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "urease encoded by 1 but not 2 is necessary for intestinal infection of BALB/c mice"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/57</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():57-57.</p><p>Published online 19 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1983905.</p><p></p> value for the difference among mean values wa

Recovery of cfu from livers one week after BALB/c mice were inoculated by gavage with the wild type strain 1330 or strain 1330Δ1KΔ2C with or without urea supplementation

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "urease encoded by 1 but not 2 is necessary for intestinal infection of BALB/c mice"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/57</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():57-57.</p><p>Published online 19 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1983905.</p><p></p> value for the difference among mean values wa