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Supplementary document for IDENTIFICATION OF AGGREGATED 2D COBALT TELLURIDES USING SPATIAL SELF-PHASE MODULATION TECHNIQUE - 6026052.pdf
Supplement
Anaerobe Syntrophic Co-culture-Mediated Green Synthesis of Ultrathin Niobium Carbide (NbC) Sheets for Flexoelectricity Generation
Niobium carbide (NbCx)-based
materials
have garnered significant attention in energy- and power-based applications.
The physiochemistry-mediated preparation of two-dimensional (2D) NbC
structures is often limited by extremely high-temperature and -pressure
reaction conditions conjugated with toxic chemicals. In the present
study, a unique biobased strategy, utilizing a solid–gas reaction,
is developed, which involves the carburization of niobium salt (NbCl5)-based oxides using methane (CH4) and other metabolic
gases produced by methanogen syntrophic culture. Thermodynamic calculations
were performed to comprehend the reaction conditions of the biosystem
during NbC formation. The bioprepared NbC sheets were found to be
∼10 nm thin and were studied for their potential in energy
harvesting applications. The strain-induced charge generation was
evaluated by fabricating a flexoelectric energy harvester with NbC
sheets as a flexoelectric material. The maximum power output was ∼2.64 mW/m2 for 8.8 N applied force. We
obtained clear evidence of flexoelectricity in NbC using Raman analysis.
Finally, external pressure-, magnetic force-, and temperature-dependent
responses were recorded to visualize the practical applications of
NbC-based flexible flexoelectric nanogenerators in wearable electronics
and sensing