Labor strategies in Northern Rhodesian copper mines, 1926—1935

African Studies Center Working Paper No. 2

The "labor aristocracy" thesis considered once again: the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt 1926-1966

African Studies Center Working Paper No. 5

Gender, ideology and power: Marriage in the colonial copperbelt towns of Zambia

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented March 1991The state of African marriage in colonial Zambia has been a matter of discussion, research and policy debate since the colony developed in the late 19th century. The outline of these discussions is well known. Chanock (1985) has described the initial repugnance by missionaries and colonial rulers towards "barbaric" African marriage customs, and the provision of jura! rights to African women to counter this tendency. The resulting flood of marital litigation alarmed colonial and African (male) authorities, and consequently, in the 1920s, the discourse on African marriage changed. Researchers, missionaries and colonial officials expressed alarm about the "crisis in African marriage", particularly in the new urban centers. Traditional marriage customs, especially those strengthening control over women, began to be seen as a solution rather than a problem, and efforts to shore up traditional African marriage intensified (Richards 1940; Wilson 1942). During World War II the debate began to change, and concern for development spawned a renewed interest in marital stability, but this time in conjunction with support for the new developmental elite, the urban working and middle classes. Thus the debate came full circle- Once again colonial officials advocated a more interventive approach to African institutions, particularly marriage and the family, which were seen as central to issues of social and economic development as well as public order. While the outline of this debate is well known, there has been a tendency to present colonial discourse an marriage as a monolithic entity, lacking internal contradictions. The importance of these internal contradictions, and the contribution by African men and women to this debate, has been underestimated. The role of emerging class forces in the African community has also been largely ignored. This article is an attempt to achieve a deeper understanding of the debates around African marriage in the British colony of Northern Rhodesia, with particular attention to the towns that grew up around the copper mines in the 1920s. The article intends to investigate the various strands of the debate around African marriage, and the possibility that contending interpretations of the crisis over colonial marriage in Africa, both in the European and African communities, may have provided openings for African women to influence the discourse on African marriage and the reality of their lives in town

Class consciousness among Zambian copper miners, 1950-1966

African Studies Center Working Paper No. 5

A Transformative Approach to Gender Mainstreaming: Changing the Deep Structure of Organizations

Mainstreaming: Changing the Deep Structure of Organizations. This article argues that gender mainstreaming will only be successful if a transformative agenda setting process is used through which the institutional cultures of organizations are changed. This implies an engagement with the deep structure of organizations. The deep structure of most organizations is the embedded masculinist values and norms that are normalized so that everyone accepts them. This deep structure is most often resistant to gender transformative change. The article suggests a gendered archaeological investigation as well as the implementation of a transforming gender mainstreaming model through which gender mainstreaming becomes acceptable. The article draws on gender mainstreaming research done with the United Nations Development Programme in South Africa

Sexuality and power on the Zambian Copperbelt, 1926-1964

African Studies Center Working Paper No. 12

Class and gender on the Copperbelt: women in northern Rhodesian copper mining areas 1926-1964

African Studies Center Working Paper No. 7