Le coût du crédit aux entreprises.

Les taux moyens des concours bancaires aux entreprises (hormis les découverts) ont continué d’augmenter, dans le prolongement d’un mouvement engagé depuis le quatrième trimestre 2005.Coût du crédit, taux débiteurs, taux bancaires, taux d’intérêt, conditions de banque.

Kink Chains from Instantons on a Torus

We describe how the procedure of calculating approximate solitons from instanton holonomies may be extended to the case of soliton crystals. It is shown how sine-Gordon kink chains may be obtained from CP1 instantons on a torus. These kink chains turn out to be remarkably accurate approximations to the true solutions. Some remarks on the relevance of this work to Skyrme crystals are also made.Comment: latex 17 pages, DAMTP 94-7

Aspects of sound communication in the pearlfish <i>Carapus boraborensis</i> and <i>Carapus homei</i> (Carapidae)

Several species of Carapidae are known to have symbiotic relationships with marine invertebrates. The two most common species in Moorea (French Polynesia), Carapus boraborensis and Carapus homei, undergo conspecific and heterospecific encounters in the same holothurian host during which they produce sounds. Another characteristic of these fish lies in their abilities to produce sounds. The objective of this study was dual: (1) to seek if there was a sexual difference in the sounds produced by C. boraborensis; (2) to seek if there was a difference in the sound emissions between heterospecific and conspecific encounters. In each trial, sounds were only recorded when one individual entered the sea cucumber that was already occupied. In encounters, sounds were structured in regular pulse emissions whose pulse lengths and periods allowed to significantly distinguish each species, as well as both sexes in C. boraborensis. In the latter species, results show for the first time that temporal features of the emitted sounds can have a functional importance in sex identification. In heterospecific encounters, sounds were reduced 68% of the time to a single pulse emission and there was a modification in the pulse length of each species: it shortens in C. homei and it lengthens in C. boraborensis. It highlights that both carapids are able to adapt their sounds to the facing species. Because a modification of the sound appears to be done at the first emission, it is supposed that recognition precedes the sound emission

Geographical variation in sound production in the anemonefish <i>Amphiprion akallopisos</i>

Because of pelagic-larval dispersal, coral-reef fishes are distributed widely with minimal genetic differentiation between populations. Amphiprion akallopisos, a clownfish that uses sound production to defend its anemone territory, has a wide but disjunct distribution in the Indian Ocean. We compared sounds produced by these fishes from populations in Madagascar and Indonesia, a distance of 6500?km. Differentiation of agonistic calls into distinct types indicates a complexity not previously recorded in fishes' acoustic communication. Moreover, various acoustic parameters, including peak frequency, pulse duration, number of peaks per pulse, differed between the two populations. The geographic comparison is the first to demonstrate ‘dialects’ in a marine fish species, and these differences in sound parameters suggest genetic divergence between these two populations. These results highlight the possible approach for investigating the role of sounds in fish behaviour in reproductive divergence and speciation

Le coût du crédit aux entreprises.

La remontée des taux moyens des crédits aux entreprises observée depuis la fin 2005 s’est poursuivie au deuxième trimestre 2007. Elle a été, en moyenne, un peu plus marquée pour les tranches de montant les plus élevées.coût du crédit, taux débiteurs, taux bancaires, taux d’intérêt, conditions de banque.

Le coût du crédit aux entreprises.

La remontée des taux des crédits aux entreprises engagée depuis la fin 2005 s’est poursuivie au troisième trimestre 2007. Les hausses les plus notables ont concerné l’escompte et les crédits à moyen et long terme.coût du crédit, taux débiteurs, taux bancaires, taux d’intérêt, conditions de banque.

Le coût du crédit aux entreprises.

La remontée des taux moyens des crédits aux entreprises observée depuis la fin 2005 s’est poursuivie au quatrième trimestre 2006 pour toutes les catégories de concours et la plupart des tranches de montant.coût du crédit, taux débiteurs, taux bancaires, taux d’intérêt, conditions de banque.

Morphology of the <i>Buccal apparatus</i> and related structures in four species of Carapidae

The aims of this study were (1) to compare the morphology of the Buccal apparatus, the suspensorium and the opercle in four species of Carapidae (Carapus acus, Encheliophis boraborensis, Encheliophis homei and Encheliophis gracilis) and (2) to investigate the relationships between their cranial anatomy, their carnivorous diet, and their well known ability to enter holothurians.The complex and strong dentition and the wide hyomandibular with thickenings that seem to suit the constraints of the adductor mandibulae muscles partly inserted on the neurocranium are signs of a carnivorous diet.C. acus, E. boraborensis and E. homei have extremely strong buccal pieces and can protrude their upper jaws. However, in E. gracilis, the jaws are more slender, and the insertions of the Al along the entire length of the maxillary associated with the lack of mobility between the maxillary and the premaxillary prevent buccal protrusion. These differences could be related to the diet: C. acus, E. boraborensis and E. homei can feed on fishes and crustaceans, whereas E. gracilis feeds only on holothurian tissue.The cephalic morphology of the four species is not incompatible with entering the host. However, the neutralisation of the suboperculum spine by 'cartilaginous' tissue could be considered to be a particular adaptation to this behaviour