24 research outputs found

    The influence of family history on learning opportunities of Inuvialuit youth

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    In this article we argue that family histories are key to understanding the differential capacities of Inuvialuit youth to learn traditional knowledge and school curricula. Thematic semi-directed interviews were conducted between 2007 and 2009 with three generations of four Inuvialuit families in Tuktoyaktuk (Northwest Territories). Summaries of each family history are presented to help answer two questions: 1) How do individuals negotiate between different ways of learning? and 2) Why do learning opportunities differ across family groups? We discuss the unevenness of learning opportunities as a result of individual choice and aptitude, family, kinship and community influences, and an increasingly globalised society.Dans cet article nous soutenons que les histoires familiales sont des Ă©lĂ©ments clĂ©s pour comprendre les diffĂ©rentes capacitĂ©s des jeunes Inuvialuit dans l’apprentissage du savoir traditionnel et du programme scolaire. Des entrevues thĂ©matiques semi-dirigĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© faites entre 2007 et 2009 avec quatre familles intergĂ©nĂ©rationnelles de Tuktoyaktuk (Territoires du Nord-Ouest). Des rĂ©sumĂ©s de leur histoire familiale sont prĂ©sentĂ©s afin de pouvoir rĂ©pondre Ă  deux questions: 1) Comment les individus nĂ©gocient-ils entre les diffĂ©rentes maniĂšres d’apprendre? et 2) Pourquoi les opportunitĂ©s d’apprentissage diffĂšrent entre les familles? Nous discutons de l’inĂ©galitĂ© des opportunitĂ©s d’apprentissage comme Ă©tant le rĂ©sultat de choix et d’aptitude individuels, de l’influence de la famille, la parentĂ© et la communautĂ©, ainsi que d’une sociĂ©tĂ© en pleine globalisation

    Dene Hunting Organization in Fort Good Hope, Northwest Territories: “Ways We Help Each Other and Share What We Can”

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    Social inquiry into hunting dynamics in northern indigenous communities in Canada has tended to focus on hunting individually or in small kinship groups, although the role of more formal community hunts is increasingly recognized. Descriptive data are limited, however, on the mechanisms by which foods harvested on such hunts are shared out. This paper considers whether or not the dynamics of sharing meat differed between a community hunt (September 2009) and a series of household-organized hunts (November 2009) in the K’asho Got’ine Dene community of Fort Good Hope (Radilih Koe), Northwest Territories. We consider how sharing might differ in terms of interactions initiated by a request from a recipient (discussed in other literature as “demand sharing”), versus those initiated by a harvester (“giving”). Results reveal that the number of sharing interactions was similar in each case and represented a substantial portion of the total harvest, but the greater number of requests for meat after the community hunt indicates there was more pressure on the community harvesters’ supply than on household hunters’ supply. At the same time, requests were made especially by elders and those in need, reflecting complex norms of resource management and flexible social networks. This study affirms the continued relevance of Dene norms of sharing within contemporary communities and increases our knowledge of the social dimension of community-based resource management.De maniĂšre gĂ©nĂ©rale, l’étude sociale de la dynamique de la chasse dans les collectivitĂ©s indigĂšnes du nord du Canada porte principalement sur la chasse individuelle ou en petits groupes composĂ©s de personnes apparentĂ©es, bien que le rĂŽle de la chasse communautaire davantage organisĂ©e soit de plus en plus reconnu. Il existe toutefois peu de donnĂ©es descriptives sur les mĂ©canismes en vertu desquels la nourriture recueillie dans le cadre de la chasse est partagĂ©e. La prĂ©sente communication tente d’établir si la dynamique du partage de la viande diffĂšre ou non entre une chasse communautaire (septembre 2009) et une sĂ©rie de chasses organisĂ©es par des mĂ©nages (novembre 2009) au sein de la collectivitĂ© dĂ©nĂ©e K’asho Got’ine de Fort Good Hope (Radilih Koe), dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest. Nous examinons en quoi le partage peut diffĂ©rer sur le plan des interactions dĂ©clenchĂ©es par un receveur (que l’on nomme « partager sur demande » dans d’autres documents), par opposition aux interactions dĂ©clenchĂ©es par un rĂ©colteur (« donner »). Les rĂ©sultats ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que le nombre d’interactions de partage Ă©tait semblable dans chaque cas, et qu’elles reprĂ©sentaient une portion substantielle de la rĂ©colte totale, mais que le plus grand nombre de demandes de viande aprĂšs la chasse communautaire indique qu’il y avait plus de pressions sur l’approvisionnement des rĂ©colteurs communautaires que sur l’approvisionnement des chasseurs faisant partie des mĂ©nages. Par la mĂȘme occasion, les aĂźnĂ©s et les personnes dans le besoin avaient fait des demandes particuliĂšres, ce qui illustre les normes complexes de la gestion des ressources et la souplesse des rĂ©seaux sociaux. Cette Ă©tude affirme la pertinence continue des normes de partage des DĂ©nĂ©s au sein des collectivitĂ©s contemporaines et enrichit nos connaissances de la dimension sociale de la gestion communautaire des ressources

    Ways We Respect Caribou: TeetƂ’it Gwich’in Rules

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    Debates about respectful caribou harvesting have arisen during the most recent cycle of caribou population decline in the Western Arctic. One aspect of this debate has been focused on younger harvesters, who are perceived by some leaders, elders, and wildlife management officials as lacking in knowledge and skills for respectful harvesting compared to previous generations. Guided by previous research in northern Canada, we examined this issue through a collaborative study (2007 – 10) in the TeetƂ’it Gwich’in community of Fort McPherson. This paper uses the common pool resource concept of “rules” (verbalized by research participants as “ways we respect the caribou”) as the lens for exploring how knowledge about traditional practices of respectful harvesting varies with age. Rules for respectful harvesting were documented through semi-structured interviews with TeetƂ’it Gwich’in elders and used as a guide for assessing the knowledge of active harvesters ranging in age from 19 to 70. While the rules spoken by younger generations show some degree of simplification, there is generally a good match between the rules spoken by elders and those spoken by all generations of active harvesters. Although the depth of knowledge around each rule was not assessed, the results seem to illustrate continuity in key aspects of TeetƂ’it Gwich’in knowledge and skills for caribou harvesting. Further research is needed, however, into the mechanisms and processes of continuity, with particular attention to how traditional knowledge and skills are being adapted to meet the needs of current and future generations.Des dĂ©bats entourant la rĂ©colte respectueuse du caribou ont surgi Ă  la lumiĂšre du plus rĂ©cent cycle de dĂ©clin de la population de caribous de l’Arctique de l’Ouest. Un des aspects de ces dĂ©bats concerne les jeunes chasseurs qui, aux dires de certains chefs, aĂźnĂ©s et reprĂ©sentants de la gestion de la faune, ne possĂ©deraient pas les connaissances et les habiletĂ©s nĂ©cessaires Ă  une rĂ©colte respectueuse et ce, comparativement aux gĂ©nĂ©rations prĂ©cĂ©dentes. GrĂące Ă  des recherches antĂ©rieures effectuĂ©es dans le nord du Canada, nous nous penchons sur cet enjeu dans le cadre d’une Ă©tude collaborative (2007-2010) rĂ©alisĂ©e dans la collectivitĂ© de TeetƂ’it Gwich’in, Ă  Fort McPherson. Le prĂ©sent article s’appuie sur le concept des rĂšgles rĂ©gissant les ressources communes (verbalisĂ©es par les participants Ă  l’étude comme des « moyens de respecter le caribou ») comme point de mire pour explorer la maniĂšre dont les pratiques traditionnelles entourant la rĂ©colte respectueuse du caribou varie en fonction de l’ñge. Les rĂšgles relatives Ă  la rĂ©colte respectueuse ont Ă©tĂ© documentĂ©es au moyen d’entrevues Ă  demi-structurĂ©es avec les aĂźnĂ©s des TeetƂ’it Gwich’in, aprĂšs quoi elles ont servi de guide pour Ă©valuer les connaissances des chasseurs actifs dont l’ñge variait de 19 Ă  70 ans. Bien que les rĂšgles citĂ©es par les gens de gĂ©nĂ©rations plus jeunes affichent un certain degrĂ© de simplification, il existe gĂ©nĂ©ralement une bonne Ă©quivalence entre les rĂšgles Ă©noncĂ©es par les aĂźnĂ©s et celles Ă©noncĂ©es par toutes les gĂ©nĂ©rations de chasseurs actifs. MĂȘme si nous n’avons pas Ă©valuĂ© l’ampleur des connaissances de chaque rĂšgle, les rĂ©sultats semblent attester d’une continuitĂ© Ă  l’égard d’aspects-clĂ©s des connaissances et des habiletĂ©s des TeetƂ’it Gwich’in en matiĂšre de rĂ©colte du caribou. Toutefois, il y a lieu de pousser les recherches plus loin afin de mieux connaĂźtre les mĂ©canismes et les processus de cette continuitĂ©, en portant une attention particuliĂšre Ă  la maniĂšre dont les connaissances et les habiletĂ©s traditionnelles sont adaptĂ©es pour rĂ©pondre aux besoins des gĂ©nĂ©rations actuelles et futures

    Beyond the Berger Inquiry: Can Extractive Resource Development Help the Sustainability of Canada’s Arctic Communities?

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     The four decades since the Berger Inquiry have produced a large body of research demonstrating the positive and negative impacts of resource development on northern communities. However, little independent research has aimed to yield an understanding of how best to manage the impacts of resource development and to harness its benefits in ways that can promote long-term sustainable development. This question was the impetus for the Resources and Sustainable Development in the Arctic (ReSDA) research project funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada in 2011. Representing a network of researchers, community members and organizations, ReSDA researchers conducted a series of analyses that focused on what was needed to ensure that northern communities received more benefits from resource development and potential negative impacts were mitigated. Overall, the analyses highlight the serious gaps that remain in our ability to ensure that resource development projects improve the sustainability of Arctic communities. These gaps include a proper understanding of cumulative impacts, the ability of communities to adequately participate in new regulatory processes, the non-economic aspects of well-being, the effects of impact and benefit agreements and new financial benefits, and new mitigation activities. Pendant les quatre dĂ©cennies qui ont suivi l’enquĂȘte Berger, de nombreuses recherches ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es pour montrer les incidences positives et nĂ©gatives de la mise en valeur des ressources sur les collectivitĂ©s nordiques. Cependant, peu de recherches indĂ©pendantes ont tĂąchĂ© de comprendre les meilleures façons de gĂ©rer les incidences de la mise en valeur des ressources et d’exploiter leurs retombĂ©es de sorte Ă  favoriser le dĂ©veloppement durable Ă  long terme. Cette question a servi de fondement au projet de recherche sur les ressources et le dĂ©veloppement durable dans l’Arctique (Resources and Sustainable Development in the Arctic, ou ReSDA) financĂ© par le Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines du Canada en 2011. Les chercheurs du ReSDA reprĂ©sentaient un rĂ©seau de chercheurs, de membres de la communautĂ© et d’organismes. Ils ont rĂ©alisĂ© une sĂ©rie d’analyses axĂ©es sur les Ă©lĂ©ments nĂ©cessaires pour que les collectivitĂ©s du Nord aient droit Ă  plus d’avantages dĂ©coulant de la mise en valeur des ressources et pour attĂ©nuer les incidences nĂ©gatives potentielles. Dans l’ensemble, les analyses mettent en Ă©vidence les sĂ©rieux Ă©carts Ă  combler pour que les projets de mise en valeur des ressources amĂ©liorent la durabilitĂ© des collectivitĂ©s de l’Arctique. Ces Ă©carts comprennent la bonne comprĂ©hension des incidences cumulatives, l’aptitude des collectivitĂ©s Ă  participer adĂ©quatement aux nouveaux processus rĂ©glementaires, les aspects non Ă©conomiques du bien-ĂȘtre, les effets des ententes sur les retombĂ©es et les incidences, les nouvelles retombĂ©es financiĂšres de mĂȘme que les nouvelles activitĂ©s d’attĂ©nuation

    Using Traditional Knowledge to Adapt to Ecological Change: Denésoliné Monitoring of Caribou Movements

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    The Chipewyan Dene or DenĂ©solinĂ© have long been dealing with variability in the movements of barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Many generations ago, DenĂ©solinĂ© hunters learned that by observing caribou at key water crossings during the fall migration, they could obtain critical information about caribou health, population, and movement patterns. Systematic observation of these indicators by hunters strategically organized along the tree line enabled the DenĂ©solinĂ© to adapt their harvesting practices, including the location of family camps, to maximize harvest success. While this system of observation was developed for traditional subsistence harvesting, its techniques could be usefully applied today to other natural resource management contexts. In particular, such monitoring might help us understand how new bifurcation points created by mineral resource development may be affecting the Bathurst caribou herd. As governments, communities, and academics search for ways to include traditional knowledge in decision making for resource management, this paper recognizes that the DenĂ©solinĂ© and other indigenous peoples have their own systems of watching, listening, learning, understanding, and adapting to ecological change.Les DĂ©nĂ©s Chipewyans ou DenĂ©solinĂ© ont eu depuis longtemps Ă  faire face Ă  la variabilitĂ© dans les dĂ©placements du caribou de la toundra (Rangifer tarandus). Il y a de cela des gĂ©nĂ©rations, les chasseurs DenĂ©solinĂ© ont appris qu’en observant le caribou aux traversĂ©es majeures de cours d’eau durant la migration automnale, ils obtenaient de l’information critique sur la santĂ© et la population de caribou, ainsi que sur ses habitudes migratoires. L’observation systĂ©matique de ces indicateurs par des chasseurs placĂ©s de façon stratĂ©gique le long de la ligne des arbres permettait aux DenĂ©solinĂ© d’adapter leurs pratiques de prĂ©lĂšvement, y compris l’emplacement des camps pour leur famille, afin d’optimiser le succĂšs de la rĂ©colte. Si ce systĂšme d’observation a Ă©tĂ© mis au point pour la rĂ©colte de subsistance traditionnelle, ses techniques pourraient s’avĂ©rer utiles de nos jours pour d’autres contextes de gestion des ressources naturelles. Un tel suivi pourrait en particulier nous aider Ă  comprendre comment de nouveaux points de bifurcation crĂ©Ă©s par l’exploitation des ressources minĂ©rales pourraient influer sur la harde de caribous de Bathurst. Au moment oĂč gouvernements, collectivitĂ©s et chercheurs sont en quĂȘte de modalitĂ©s permettant d’inclure le savoir traditionnel dans la prise de dĂ©cisions visant la gestion des ressources, cet article reconnaĂźt que les DenĂ©solinĂ© et autres peuples autochtones ont leurs propres systĂšmes d’observation, d’écoute, d’apprentissage, de comprĂ©hension et d’adaptation aux changements Ă©cologiques

    Bottled Water Use On the Land: Economic, Social and Policy Implications of Water Consumption Choices While Pursuing Livelihoods and Undertaking Recreational Activities

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    Defensive expenditures on bottled water for home use are related to: incomes, aesthetics (taste, convenience) and health risk perceptions (Dupont and Jahan, 2010; Lloyd-Smith et al., 2014). The previous literature is silent on two issues of relevance to WEPGN’s mandate of improving understanding of water’s role in Canadian society and economy. The first issue is identifying what are the determinants of water consumption choices on the land (particularly, water used in pursuit of livelihoods and/or recreational activities that require travel from home, including trapping, hunting and fishing practices). The second is an investigation of water choices and health risk perceptions of individuals in Canada’s Northern communities. Nickels et al., (2006) notes the use of bottled water by Aboriginal peoples as a substitute for streams/rivers due to perceptions of poor water quality. Project partners are interested in learning whether this is an increasing phenomenon in the Northwest Territories (NWT). This is of concern for two reasons: such expenditures may be wasteful for individuals and also result in potential pollution. The research team will design and implement a survey to elicit perceptions and relate them to defensive expenditures. Researchers will also examine methods for communicating and eliciting risk perceptions to provide the project partners with knowledge to improve communications about water quality. This research will inform decisions around programming, specifically, source water protection planning

    Beyond the Berger Inquiry: Can extractive resource development help the sustainability of Canada’s arctic communities?

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    The four decades since the Berger Inquiry have produced a large body of research demonstrating the positive and negative impacts of resource development on northern communities. However, little independent research has aimed to yield an understanding of how best to manage the impacts of resource development and to harness its benefits in ways that can promote long-term sustainable development. This question was the impetus for the Resources and Sustainable Development in the Arctic (ReSDA) research project funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada in 2011. Representing a network of researchers, community members and organizations, ReSDA researchers conducted a series of analyses that focused on what was needed to ensure that northern communities received more benefits from resource development and potential negative impacts were mitigated. Overall, the analyses highlight the serious gaps that remain in our ability to ensure that resource development projects improve the sustainability of Arctic communities. These gaps include a proper understanding of cumulative impacts, the ability of communities to adequately participate in new regulatory processes, the non-economic aspects of well-being, the effects of impact and benefit agreements and new financial benefits, and new mitigation activities

    “These Trees Have Stories to Tell”: Linking DĂ«nesÇ«ÌĆ‚Ä±nĂ© Oral History of Caribou Use with Trample Scar Frequency on Black Spruce Roots at Ɂedacho KuĂ©

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    For thousands of years Ɂedacho KuĂ© (Artillery Lake, Northwest Territories) has been a key water crossing site for barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus). Human disturbance of barren-ground caribou habitat in northern Canada has emerged as an important focus of study in the last decade; particularly in the Bathurst range of the Northwest Territories where caribou populations have declined by more than 95% since the 1980s. Guided by local Indigenous leaders and Elders, a collaborative research project was developed with the DĂ«nesÇ«ÌĆ‚Ä±nĂ© people of ƁutsĂ«l K’e DĂ«ne First Nation (2012 – 14). This paper describes linkages between knowledge derived from DĂ«nesÇ«ÌĆ‚Ä±nĂ© oral history and quantitative dendroecological analysis of trample scars on black spruce (Picea mariana) root samples collected at Ɂedacho KuĂ© to provide a better understanding of caribou use at this location. Findings from oral histories and dendroecology analysis were consistent with one another and with previous dendroecology study in the region, although some discrepancies were detected in data from 1995 – 2006 that require further study to elucidate. Key findings include relatively low caribou use at Ɂedacho KuĂ© during the 1930s and late 1960s, with use increasing into the 1970s and peaking in the late 1980s, as well as Elder and hunter reports of no caribou in some years between 2005 and 2012. This work addresses a gap in scientific data about barren-ground caribou movements at Ɂedacho KuĂ© prior to satellite collar use in 1996 and corroborates previously documented oral histories about the enduring value of Ɂedacho KuĂ© as critical habitat to barren-ground caribou. Given the drastic decline of the Bathurst caribou over the last two decades, more research is needed to understand movements and their relationship to population dynamics. In this context, the research approach described in this paper could be used as an example of how to meaningfully bring together place-based Indigenous knowledge and science in addressing an urgent issue of Arctic sustainability.    Depuis des milliers d’annĂ©es, Ɂedacho KuĂ© (lac Artillery, Territoires du Nord-Ouest) sert d’important point de franchissement de cours d’eau pour le caribou de la toundra (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus). La perturbation anthropique de l’habitat du caribou de la toundra dans le Nord canadien a fait l’objet d’études importantes ces dix derniĂšres annĂ©es, plus particuliĂšrement dans l’aire de rĂ©partition de Bathurst, dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, oĂč les populations de caribous ont chutĂ© de plus de 95 % depuis les annĂ©es 1980. Un projet de recherche collaborative guidĂ© par des chefs et des aĂźnĂ©s autochtones locaux a Ă©tĂ© conçu en consultation avec le peuple DĂ«nesÇ«ÌĆ‚Ä±nĂ© de la PremiĂšre Nation ƁutsĂ«l K’e DĂ«ne (2012 – 2014). Cet article dĂ©crit les liens entre les connaissances dĂ©rivĂ©es de l’histoire orale des DĂ«nesÇ«ÌĆ‚Ä±nĂ©s et l’analyse dendroĂ©cologique quantitative des cicatrices de piĂ©tinement se trouvant sur les Ă©chantillons de racines d’épinettes noires (Picea mariana) prĂ©levĂ©s Ă  Ɂedacho KuĂ© afin de mieux comprendre l’utilisation de ce lieu par les caribous. Les constatations dĂ©coulant de l’histoire orale et de l’analyse dendroĂ©cologique concordaient ensemble ainsi qu’avec une Ă©tude dendroĂ©cologique antĂ©rieure de la rĂ©gion, bien que certains Ă©carts aient Ă©tĂ© dĂ©celĂ©s dans les donnĂ©es de 1995 Ă  2006, Ă©carts qui se doivent d’ĂȘtre Ă©tudiĂ©s afin d’ĂȘtre Ă©lucidĂ©s. Parmi les principales constatations, notons l’utilisation relativement faible de Ɂedacho KuĂ© par les caribous pendant les annĂ©es 1930 et la fin des annĂ©es 1960, une utilisation accrue dans les annĂ©es 1970 ayant atteint un sommet vers la fin des annĂ©es 1980, ainsi que le signalement de l’absence de caribous par les aĂźnĂ©s et les chasseurs au cours de certaines annĂ©es entre 2005 et 2012. Notre recherche comble un manque de donnĂ©es scientifiques relativement aux dĂ©placements du caribou de la toundra Ă  Ɂedacho KuĂ© avant que les colliers Ă©metteurs Ă  transmission par satellite ne commencent Ă  ĂȘtre employĂ©s en 1996. Elle corrobore l’histoire orale documentĂ©e prĂ©cĂ©demment au sujet de la valeur durable de ?edacho KuĂ© en tant qu’habitat critique du caribou de la toundra. En raison de la chute importante de la population du caribou de Bathurst ces deux derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, de plus amples recherches s’imposent afin de comprendre les dĂ©placements et leur lien avec la dynamique de la population. Dans ce contexte, la dĂ©marche de recherche dĂ©crite dans cet article pourrait servir d’exemple montrant comment concilier les connaissances autochtones d’un endroit avec la science pour faire face Ă  un enjeu urgent de durabilitĂ© de l’Arctique.

    Enculturation and alcohol use problems among Aboriginal university students

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    Objective: To examine associations between Aboriginal enculturation, Canadian acculturation, and alcohol problems among Aboriginal university students living in an urban area in Canada. Methods: Data for this mixed methods study were collected through in-person surveys with a convenience sample of Aboriginal university students (n = 60) in 2008/2009. Results: Students evidenced high levels of Aboriginal enculturation and Canadian acculturation. Aboriginal enculturation was significantly associated with reduced alcohol problems for Aboriginal university students. There was no association between Canadian acculturation and alcohol problems. Qualitative findings suggest Aboriginal cultural practices helped students cope with problems in their daily lives and provided them with both personal and social rewards. Conclusions: This study found Aboriginal enculturation was significantly associated with reduced alcohol problems among Aboriginal university students. Results support the growth of programs and services that encourage Aboriginal students to maintain their cultural identity within the university setting. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(12):Ye

    Status, challenges and pathways to the sustainable use of wild species

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    DATA AVAILABILITY : Data will be made available on request.The use of wild species is extensive in both high- and low-income countries. At least 50,000 wild species are used by billions of people around the world for food, energy, medicine, material, education or recreation, contributing significantly to efforts to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, overexploitation remains a major threat to many wild species. Ensuring and enhancing the sustainability of use of wild species is thus essential for human well-being and biodiversity conservation. Globally, the use of wild species is increasing due to growing human demand and efficiency, but its sustainability varies and depends on the social-ecological contexts in which the use occurs. Multiple environmental and social (including economic) drivers affect the sustainability of use of wild species, posing major current and future challenges. In particular, climate change has already increased the vulnerability of many uses and is expected to increase it further in the coming decades, while global and illegal trades are, in many cases, key drivers of unsustainability. There is no single “silver bullet” policy to address these and other major challenges in the sustainable use of wild species. Rather, effective policies need to integrate inclusive actions at multiple scales that adopt right-based approaches, pay attention to equitable distribution of access and costs and benefits, employ participatory processes, strengthen monitoring programs, build robust customary or government institutions and support context-specific policies, as well as adaptive management.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/gloenvchahj2023Plant Production and Soil Scienc
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