Snap-8 mercury corrosion and materials research, volume iii topical report, jun. 1960 - dec. 1962

SNAP-8 materials research - mercury corrosion capsule tests of ferritic alloys for mass transfer, stress corrosion, mode of attack, and mechanical propertie

The Color of Childhood: The Role of the Child/Human Binary in the Production of Anti-Black Racism

The binary between the figure of the child and the fully human being is invoked with regularity in analyses of race, yet its centrality to the conception of race has never been fully explored. For most commentators, the figure of the child operates as a metaphoric or rhetorical trope, a non-essential strategic tool in the perpetuation of White supremacy. As I show in the following, the child/human binary does not present a contingent or merely rhetorical construction but, rather, a central feature of racialization. Where Black peoples are situated as objects of violence it is often precisely because Blackness has been identified with childhood and childhood is historically identified as the archetypal site of naturalized violence and servitude. I proceed by offering a historical account of how Black peoples came to inherit the subordination and dehumanization of European childhood and how White youth were subsequently spared through their partial categorization as adults

Ethnic inequalities and pathways to care in psychosis in England: a systematic review and meta-analysis

© The Author(s). 2018Background: As part of a national programme to tackle ethnic inequalities, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of research on ethnic inequalities in pathways to care for adults with psychosis living in England and/or Wales. Methods: Nine databases were searched from inception to 03.07.17 for previous systematic reviews, including forward and backward citation tracking and a PROSPERO search to identify ongoing reviews. We then carried forward relevant primary studies from included reviews (with the latest meta-analyses reporting on research up to 2012), supplemented by a search on 18.10.17 in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL for primary studies between 2012 and 2017 that had not been covered by previous meta-analyses. Results: Forty studies, all conducted in England, were included for our updated meta-analyses on pathways to care. Relative to the White reference group, elevated rates of civil detentions were found for Black Caribbean (OR = 3.43, 95% CI = 2.68 to 4.40, n = 18), Black African (OR = 3.11, 95% CI = 2.40 to 4.02, n = 6), and South Asian patients (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.12, n = 10). Analyses of each Mental Health Act section revealed significantly higher rates for Black people under (civil) Section 2 (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.11, n = 3). Rates in repeat admissions were significantly higher than in first admission for South Asian patients (between-group difference p < 0.01). Some ethnic groups had more police contact (Black African OR = 3.60, 95% CI = 2.15 to 6.05, n = 2; Black Caribbean OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.88 to 3.72, n = 8) and criminal justice system involvement (Black Caribbean OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 2.02 to 3.78, n = 5; Black African OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.32 to 2.78, n = 3). The White Other patients also showed greater police and criminal justice system involvement than White British patients (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.15, n = 4). General practitioner involvement was less likely for Black than the White reference group. No significant variations over time were found across all the main outcomes. Conclusions: Our updated meta-analyses reveal persisting but not significantly worsening patterns of ethnic inequalities in pathways to psychiatric care, particularly affecting Black groups. This provides a comprehensive evidence base from which to inform policy and practice amidst a prospective Mental Health Act reform. Trial registration: CRD42017071663Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis is associated with loss of CD206‐positive macrophages in the gastric antrum

BackgroundAnimal studies have increasingly highlighted the role of macrophages in the development of delayed gastric emptying. However, their role in the pathophysiology of human gastroparesis is unclear. Our aim was to determine changes in macrophages and other cell types in the gastric antrum muscularis propria of patients with diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis.MethodsFull thickness gastric antrum biopsies were obtained from patients enrolled in the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (11 diabetic, 6 idiopathic) and 5 controls. Immunolabeling and quantitative assessment was done for interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) (Kit), enteric nerves protein gene product 9.5, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase), overall immune cells (CD45) and anti‐inflammatory macrophages (CD206). Gastric emptying was assessed using nuclear medicine scintigraphy and symptom severity using the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index.ResultsBoth diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis patients showed loss of ICC as compared to controls (Mean [standard error of mean]/hpf: diabetic, 2.28 [0.16]; idiopathic, 2.53 [0.47]; controls, 6.05 [0.62]; P=.004). Overall immune cell population (CD45) was unchanged but there was a loss of anti‐inflammatory macrophages (CD206) in circular muscle (diabetic, 3.87 [0.32]; idiopathic, 4.16 [0.52]; controls, 6.59 [1.09]; P=.04) and myenteric plexus (diabetic, 3.83 [0.27]; idiopathic, 3.59 [0.68]; controls, 7.46 [0.51]; P=.004). There was correlation between the number of ICC and CD206‐positive cells (r=.55, P=.008). Enteric nerves (PGP9.5) were unchanged: diabetic, 33.64 (3.45); idiopathic, 41.26 (6.40); controls, 46.80 (6.04).ConclusionLoss of antral CD206‐positive anti‐inflammatory macrophages is a key feature in human gastroparesis and it is associates with ICC loss.Animal studies have highlighted an important role of macrophages in development of delayed gastric emptying. However, their role in human gastroparesis is unclear. Upon assessment of full thickness gastric antrum biopsies, both diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis patients showed a loss of CD206‐positive anti‐inflammatory macrophages as compared to controls. This correlated with loss of ICC suggesting a role of innate immune cells in pathophysiology of human gastroparesis.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137212/1/nmo13018.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137212/2/nmo13018_am.pd

Association of low numbers of CD 206‐positive cells with loss of ICC in the gastric body of patients with diabetic gastroparesis

Background There is increasing evidence for specific cellular changes in the stomach of patients with diabetic ( DG ) and idiopathic ( IG ) gastroparesis. The most significant findings are loss of interstitial cells of Cajal ( ICC ), neuronal abnormalities, and an immune cellular infiltrate. Studies done in diabetic mice have shown a cytoprotective effect of CD 206+ M2 macrophages. To quantify overall immune cellular infiltrate, identify macrophage populations, and quantify CD 206+ and i NOS + cells. To investigate associations between cellular phenotypes and ICC . Methods Full thickness gastric body biopsies were obtained from non‐diabetic controls (C), diabetic controls ( DC ), DG , and IG patients. Sections were labeled for CD 45, CD 206, Kit, i NOS , and putative human macrophage markers ( HAM 56, CD 68, and EMR 1). Immunoreactive cells were quantified from the circular muscle layer. Key Results Significantly fewer ICC were detected in DG and IG tissues, but there were no differences in the numbers of cells immunoreactive for other markers between patient groups. There was a significant correlation between the number of CD 206+ cells and ICC in DG and DC patients, but not in C and IG and a significant correlation between i NOS + cells and ICC in the DC group, but not the other groups. CD 68 and HAM 56 reliably labeled the same cell populations, but EMR 1 labeled other cell types. Conclusions & Inferences Depletion of ICC and correlation with changes in CD 206+ cell numbers in DC and DG patients suggests that in humans, like mice, CD 206+ macrophages may play a cytoprotective role in diabetes. These findings may lead to novel therapeutic options, targeting alternatively activated macrophages. Loss of interstitial cells of Cajal and an immune cell infiltrate have been identified in the gastric smooth muscle of patients with gastroparesis. This study reports a correlation between ICC numbers and CD206‐positive, alternatively activated M2 macrophage numbers in the gastric body of patients with diabetes (Panels B, D), but not in non‐diabetic controls (A) or idiopathic gastroparesis (C). Thus, CD206‐positive macrophages may play a cytoprotective role in the stomach of diabetic patients.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108285/1/nmo12389-sup-0001-TableS1.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108285/2/nmo12389.pd

Household Labor Supply and Home Services in a General-Equilibrium Model with Heterogeneous Agents

We propose a new explanation for differences and changes in labor supply by gender and marital status, and in particular for the increase in married women's labor supply over time. We argue that this increase as well as the relative constancy of other groups' hours are optimal reactions to outsourcing labor in home production becoming more attractive to households over time. To investigate this hypothesis, we incorporate heterogeneous agents into a household model of labor supply and allow agents to trade home labor. This model can generate the observed patterns in US labor supply by gender and marital status as a reaction to declining frictions on the market for home services. We provide an accounting exercise to highlight the role of alternative explanations for the rise in hours in a model where home labor is tradable

Preclinical electrogastrography in experimental pigs

Surface electrogastrography (EGG) is a non-invasive means of recording gastric myoelectric activity or slow waves from cutaneous leads placed over the stomach. This paper provides a comprehensive review of preclinical EGG. Our group recently set up and worked out the methods for EGG in experimental pigs. We gained our initial experience in the use of EGG in assessment of porcine gastric myoelectric activity after volume challenge and after intragastric administration of itopride and erythromycin. The mean dominant frequency in pigs is comparable with that found in humans. EGG in experimental pigs is feasible. Experimental EGG is an important basis for further preclinical projects in pharmacology and toxicology