A realist review of how community-based drug checking services could be designed and implemented to promote engagement of people who use drugs

With rising numbers of drug-related deaths in the UK and globally, exploration of interventions that seek to reduce drug-related harm is essential. Drug checking services (DCS) allow people to submit drug samples for chemical analysis and receive feedback about the sample, as well as harm reduction advice. The use of DCS is often linked to festival and/or nightlife settings and to so-called ‘recreational’ drug use, but research has also shown the potential of community-based DCS as an intervention serving more varied demographics of people who use drugs, including more marginalised individuals and those experiencing drug dependence. Whilst there is a growing evidence base on the effectiveness of drug checking as a harm reduction intervention, there is still limited evidence of the underlying mechanisms and processes within DCS which may aid implementation and subsequent engagement of people who use drugs. This presents a challenge to understanding why engagement differs across types of DCS, and how best to develop and deliver services across different contexts and for different populations. To explore the contexts and mechanisms which impact engagement in community-based DCS, a realist review was undertaken to synthesise the international evidence for the delivery and implementation of DCS. There were 133 sources included in the review. From these sources the underlying contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes relating to DCS implementation and engagement were developed and refined into seven programme theories. The findings of this review are theoretically novel and hold practical relevance for the design of DCS, with implications for optimisation, tailoring, and implementing services to reach individuals in different settings

Stres i radna sposobnost radnika u naftnoj industriji

This cross-sectional study conducted between March and June 2006 examined stress at work and work ability of 180 people with different workplaces within an oil company. Office, laboratory, and oil-field workers were invited to complete the “Occupational Stress Assessment Questionnaire – the Oil Industry Version and Work Ability Index (WAI) Questionnaire”. The overall response rate was 69.4 %, and the final sample size was 125 workers who completed the questionnaires (57 office, 41 laboratory, 27 oil-field workers). Office, laboratory, and oil-field workers differed significantly with respect to age (P<0.001). The oldest were oil-field workers and the youngest were office workers. The average WAI score for office workers was 44.9, for laboratory workers 43.2 and for field workers 39.7, indicating satisfying work ability. After adjusting for age, the difference in WAI score between the groups of workers was still significant (P<0.001). Over 75 % of all workers believed their job was stressful, but the perception of specific stressors depended on the workplace.Cilj ovog ispitivanja bio je procijeniti doživljaj stresa na radnome mjestu i radnu sposobnost zaposlenih u različitim dijelovima radnog procesa naftne industrije. Presječno istraživanje provedeno je u hrvatskoj naftnoj industriji, u razdoblju od ožujka do lipnja 2006. s uzorkom od 180 prigodno odabranih zaposlenika. Zaposlenici u uredu, laboratoriju za preradu nafte i naftnom pogonu trebali su ispuniti Upitnik o stresu na radu – verzija za naftnu industriju i Upitnik za procjenu indeksa radne sposobnosti (WAI). Ukupni odaziv ispitanika bio je 69,4 % te je obrađeno 125 ispunjenih upitnika (57 radnika iz ureda, 41 iz laboratorija i 27 iz naftnog pogona). Radnici iz ureda, laboratorija i naftnih pogona značajno su se razlikovali u dobi (P<0,001). Najstariji su bili radnici u naftnim pogonima, dok su najmlađi bili radnici u uredu. Prosječni WAI za uredske zaposlenike bio je 44,9, za laboratorijske 43,2, a za zaposlenike u naftnom pogonu 39,7, što upućuje na zadovoljavajuću radnu sposobnost. Uzevši u obzir utjecaj dobi pri testiranju razlika, utvrđeno je kako se WAI promatranih skupina statistički značajno razlikuju (P<0,001). Više od tri četvrtine svih ispitanika procjenjuje svoj posao kao stresan, no vrste stresora koje doživljavaju razlikuju se ovisno o radnome mjestu