Evolution on the Hawaiian Hotspot: Biogeography and Divergence Time Estimation of Kadua (Rubiaceae)

Recent studies on the colonization time of Hawaiian plant and animal lineages have suggested certain lineages arrived to the archipelago before the formation of the extant islands. Kadua, a recently resurrected genus, is mostly endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago, with many member taxa autochthonous to individual islands. This work investigates the colonization time of Kadua to the Hawaiian Islands. Sequence analyses of the quickly evolving nuclear regions ITS, ETS and 5s-NTS regions for 20 Hawaiian and 7 French Polynesian species of Kadua were used to create dated phylogeny calibrated with island ages. The phylogeny suggests a single colonization of Hawaii around nine million years ago, with a subsequent dispersal from Hawaii to French Polynesia Kadua appears to have colonized Hawaii after Gardner Island formed around fifteen million years ago. Gardner Island was the largest of the Hawaiian Islands before the extant islands began forming with Kaua\u27i, around five million years ago

Comparative Analysis of Two Cryogenic Force Balance Calibration Systems

Cryogenic wind-tunnel facilities face unique challenges in the calibration and operation of various measurement systems and instrumentation. Instruments that are subjected to the cryogenic conditions of the test plenum require careful design and calibration procedures to maintain instrument performance. NASAs National Transonic Facility (NTF) and the European Transonic Windtunnel (ETW) are two cryogenic wind-tunnel facilities, each with the ability to calibrate force measurement systems (FMS) at cryogenic conditions. These facilities have different methodologies and processes for calibrating these systems. This paper discusses differences in the methodologies and processes and compares the results of two separate cryogenic calibrations of the NTF-118A force balance that were completed at both wind-tunnel facilities

Solving New York City\u27s fiscal crisis

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Islamophobia Abroad and Anti-Catholicism at home: The Making of the English Nation

One major feature of printing and publishing in England in the 16th and 17th centuries and repeated in subsequent centuries was that of travel tales to foreign spaces where Protestant males not only met believers in Islam but also encountered other Europeans (mostly Catholics) in those foreign spaces. This paper will attempt to show those travellers’ tales written by Englishmen of the early modern period as well as subsequently were not only based upon Protestant foundations but also contributed to the making of the nation