Achieving Privacy

Is privacy a luxury for the rich? Remarkably, there is a dearth of literature evaluating whether data privacy is too costly for companies to implement or too expensive for governments to enforce. This paper is the first to offer a review of the costs of compliance and to summarize national budgets for enforcement. Our study suggests that, while privacy may indeed prove costly for companies to implement and may present a special burden for small and medium-sized businesses, it is not too costly for governments to enforce. Indeed, the European Union, seen as a global champion of privacy, expends less than a dollar a year per citizen on data protection enforcement. Effective data protection agencies are not prohibitively costly, even for small administrations, especially if they collaborate through regional bodies. This study will help inform governments as they fashion and implement privacy laws to address the “privacy enforcement gap”—the disparity between privacy on the books and privacy on the ground

Achieving Privacy: Costs of Compliance and Enforcement of Data Protection Regulation

Is privacy a luxury for the rich world? Remarkably, there is a dearth of literature evaluating whether data privacy is too costly for companies to implement, or too expensive for governments to enforce. This paper is the first to offer a review of surveys of costs of compliance, and to summarize national budgets for enforcement. The study shows that while privacy may indeed prove costly for companies to implement, it is not too costly for governments to enforce. This study will help inform governments as they fashion and implement privacy laws to address the “privacy enforcement gap”—the disparity between the privacy on the books, and the privacy on the ground

Membrane glycomics reveal heterogeneity and quantitative distribution of cell surface sialylation.

Given that unnatural sugar expression is metabolically achieved, the kinetics and disposition of incorporation can lend insight into the temporal and localization preferences of sialylation across the cell surface. However, common detection schemes lack the ability to detail the molecular diversity and distribution of target moieties. Here we employed a mass spectrometric approach to trace the placement of azido sialic acids on membrane glycoconjugates, which revealed substantial variations in incorporation efficiencies between N-/O-glycans, glycosites, and glycosphingolipids. To further explore the propensity for sialylation, we subsequently mapped the native glycome of model epithelial cell surfaces and illustrate that while glycosylation sites span broadly across the extracellular region, a higher number of heterogeneous glycoforms occur on sialylated sites closest to the transmembrane domain. Beyond imaging techniques, this integrative approach provides unprecedented details about the frequency and structure-specific distribution of cell surface sialylation, a critical feature that regulates cellular interactions and homeostatic pathways

Photodissociation dynamics of the methyl perthiyl radical at 248 nm via photofragment translational spectroscopy

Photofragment translational spectroscopy was used to study the photodissociation of the methyl perthiyl radical CH 3 SS at 248 nm. The radical was produced by flash pyrolysis of dimethyl disulfide (CH 3 SSCH 3 ). Two channels were observed: CH 3 + S 2 and CH 2 S + SH. Photofragment translational energy distributions indicate that CH 3 + S 2 results from C-S bond fission on the ground state surface. The CH 2 S + SH channel can proceed through isomerization to CH 2 SSH on the ground state surface but also may involve production of electronically excited CH 2 S

DNMT (DNA methyltransferase) inhibitors radiosensitize human cancer cells by suppressing DNA repair activity

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Histone modifications and DNA methylation are two major factors in epigenetic phenomenon. Unlike the histone deacetylase inhibitors, which are known to exert radiosensitizing effects, there have only been a few studies thus far concerning the role of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors as radiosensitizers. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of DNMT inhibitors on the radiosensitivity of human cancer cell lines, and to elucidate the mechanisms relevant to that process.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A549 (lung cancer) and U373MG (glioblastoma) cells were exposed to radiation with or without six DNMT inhibitors (5-azacytidine, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, zebularine, hydralazine, epigallocatechin gallate, and psammaplin A) for 18 hours prior to radiation, after which cell survival was evaluated via clonogenic assays. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed via flow cytometry. Expressions of DNMT1, 3A/3B, and cleaved caspase-3 were detected via Western blotting. Expression of γH2AX, a marker of radiation-induced DNA double-strand break, was examined by immunocytochemistry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Pretreatment with psammaplin A, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, and zebularine radiosensitized both A549 and U373MG cells. Pretreatment with psammaplin A increased the sub-G1 fraction of A549 cells, as compared to cells exposed to radiation alone. Prolongation of γH2AX expression was observed in the cells treated with DNMT inhibitors prior to radiation as compared with those treated by radiation alone.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Psammaplin A, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, and zebularine induce radiosensitivity in both A549 and U373MG cell lines, and suggest that this effect might be associated with the inhibition of DNA repair.</p