Is Foreign Direct Investment Effective From The Perspective Of Tax Avoidance? An Analysis Of Tax Avoidance Through The International Transfer Pricing Behaviors Of Korean Corporations

This study examines whether multinational companies carry out tax avoidance through subsidiaries. An empirical analysis was conducted of 4,585 Korean firms from 2001 to 2010 by company and year. The results are as follows. First, MNCs that have become more internationally diversified through the establishment of overseas subsidiaries generally show a higher tendency to avoid tax. Thus, the analysis results show a positive correlation between globally diversified MNCs and corporate tax avoidance. This correlation is established due to the firms' active use of tax strategies (investment tax credits, tax cuts) applicable to the various countries in which they have expanded their businesses. Second, the analysis results showed that these firms actively avoided tax with overseas transfer pricing behaviors when compared to companies without overseas subsidiaries. Thus, the adjustment of sales prices and purchase value through actual transactions increased the propensity of the parent company to avoid tax.

Statistical Analysis of the Metropolitan Seoul Subway System: Network Structure and Passenger Flows

The Metropolitan Seoul Subway system, consisting of 380 stations, provides the major transportation mode in the metropolitan Seoul area. Focusing on the network structure, we analyze statistical properties and topological consequences of the subway system. We further study the passenger flows on the system, and find that the flow weight distribution exhibits a power-law behavior. In addition, the degree distribution of the spanning tree of the flows also follows a power law.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

Anti-aging activities of Pyrus pyrifolia var culta plant callus extract

Purpose: To investigate the anti-aging properties of callus extract from Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta with skin regeneration and lightening activities.Methods: Callus extract of P. pyrifolia var. culta was produced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with picloram, followed by extraction of the callus biomass in phosphate-buffered saline. The anti-oxidant activity of the extract was assessed using the DPPH free radical-scavenging assay. Inhibition of skin pigmentation by callus extract was evaluated by measuring the melanogenesis of melanoma cells. The skin-regenerating efficacy of the extract was evaluated in terms of its ability to promote procollagen synthesis and fibroblast cell proliferation.Results: The callus extract, at 10 mg/mL, exhibited 78.7 % free radical-scavenging activity, equivalent to that exhibited by 500 μM ascorbic acid. The 1 mg/mL extract solution afforded a 1.4-fold greater reduction in melanocyte melanin than did a 1 mg/mL arbutin solution. Fibroblast cells treated with 5 mg/mL callus extract exhibited 127 % higher levels of proliferation and 2.0-fold higher levels of procollagen type I C-peptide synthesis, respectively, compared with the untreated controls.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the callus extract of P. pyrifolia var. culta may be useful as a source of anti-aging cosmetic components with skin lightening and regenerating activities.Keywords: P. pyrifolia var. culta, Anti-aging, Callus extract, Skin lightening, Anti-tyrosinase activity, Melanogenesis, Wound recovery, Procollagen type I C-peptide synthesi

Effects of Yeast Product on Modulating the Adaptive Immune Function in Broilers

In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation yeast product was fed to broilers to investigate the effect of yeast products on the broiler immune function. The broilers were vaccinated for Newcastle Disease Virus on day 1 (B1 strain) and day 21 (LaSota strain) via eye drop. Body weights, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and mortality were recorded to monitor growth performance. There was no significant difference in Body weights (Probability 0.05) in the thymus medulla and cortex ratio between the control and treated groups. In the spleen, the control group contained more nodules at day 14. All these results demonstrated that feeding the yeast product does influence broiler live immune system development