6,366 research outputs found
Symptom Information in Direct-to-Consumer Antidepressant Advertising and College Students\u27 Perception of the Lifetime Risk Depression
While consumersā health cognition and behavior are likely formed through multiple influences, the current study focused on the effects of exposure to specific content elements in direct-to-consumer advertising. The study revealed that consumersā exposure to the American Psychiatric Associationās (APA) diagnostic guideline has potential to reduce their perceived lifetime risk of depression and intention to consult a health professional to discuss the health issue. The study further revealed when an antidepressant ad mentioned a long list of symptoms, exposure to the diagnostic guideline reduced risk perception and consultation intention significantly, whereas in the presence of a short list of symptoms, the APA guideline had minimal impact
The Social Reality of Depression: DTC Advertising of Antidepressants and Perceptions of the Prevalence and Lifetime Risk of Depression
This study is rooted in the research traditions of cultivation theory, construct accessibility, and availability heuristic. Based on a survey with 221 subjects, this study finds that familiarity with direct-to-consumer (DTC) print advertisements for antidepressant brands is associated with inflated perceptions of the prevalence and lifetime risk of depression. The study concludes that DTC advertising potentially has significant effects on perceptions of depression prevalence and risk. Interpersonal experiences with depression coupled with DTC advertising appear to significantly predict individuals\u27 perceived lifetime risk of depression. The study ultimately demonstrates that DTC advertising may play a role in constructing social reality of diseases and medicine. The findings strongly suggest that the social cognitive effects of DTC advertising are far-reaching, impacting pharmaceutical marketing strategy as well as presenting issues regarding public health and the business ethics of advertising drugs to consumers
Your Life is Waiting! : Symbolic Meanings in Direct-to-Consumer Antidepressant Advertising
This semiotic analysis demonstrates how pharmaceutical companies strategically frame depression within the hotly contested terrain of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising. The study tracks regulation of the pharmaceutical industry, relative to DTC advertising, including recent industry codes of conduct. Focusing on the antidepressant category, and its three major brandsāPaxil (GlaxoSmithKline), Prozac (Eli Lilly), and Zoloft (Pfizer)āthis comparative study analyzes 7 years of print advertising following deregulation in 1997. The authors glean themes from within the advertising texts, across the drug category and within individual-brand campaigns. The findings indicate that DTC advertising of antidepressants frames depression within the biochemical model of causation, privileges benefits over risks, fails to adequately educate consumers, and frames depression as a female condition. The authors close with commentary on the potential implications, with particular focus on the new codes of conduct, and offer suggestions for future research
Pressure Transmission in the Compaction Process for Nickel Powder using Finite Element Methods
The compression process is one of the more widely used industrial manufacturing methods for fabricating desired shape of specimens with various materials such as metals and ceramics. In the compaction process, the upper punch moves into the powder, and force is transmitted between particles, then achieving densification. In this process, the powder can be considered to be in a particulate state, which means that while the powder consists of solids, it has characteristics quite similar to the fluid. Therefore, particles in the process can be seen as responding to hydrostatic pressure, and it can be assumed that the pressure is constant. However, the forces acted on the inter-particle continue to change during the process. Many parameters affect the force change, including compaction speed and the contact angle between particles. However, it is very difficult to verify these effects through experiments because it is impossible to arrange the inter-particle angle. Therefore, in this study, the force transmission mechanism was simulated in the compaction process using FEM simulation. To examine the contact angle and force transmission between the particles, a green compact was modeled as individual particles rather than as a continuum green compact. Finally, it was confirmed through analysis that the pressure transmission between the particles remained constant during the compression process.11Ysciescopu
Enhancing Biodiversity through Self-Regulation in Large Ecosystems
The competitive exclusion principle (CEP) is a fundamental concept in the
niche theory, which posits that the number of available resources constrains
the coexistence of species. While the CEP offers an intuitive explanation for
coexistence, it has been challenged by counterexamples observed in nature. One
prominent counterexample is the phytoplankton community, known as the paradox
of the plankton. Diverse phytoplankton species coexist in the ocean even though
they demand a limited number of resources. To shed light on this remarkable
biodiversity in large ecosystems quantitatively, we consider self-regulation
into the generalized MacArthur's consumer-resource model and study the relative
diversity, the number ratio between coexisting consumers and resource kinds. By
employing the cavity method and generating functional analysis, we analytically
show how the bounds of the relative diversity can exceed unity and its
dependency on the strength of the self-regulation. We confirm the analysis with
numerical simulations and reveal that the self-regulation suppresses the
emergence of dominant species, thereby fostering high biodiversity.
Furthermore, we study the effect of the self-regulation on different
environments and show that the effect relies on the environmental condition.
Our work presents a comprehensive framework within the niche theory that
encompasses the CEP and its counterexamples by introducing the role of
self-regulation.Comment: 34 pages (including supplementary material), 24 figures (4 figures in
main, 20 figures in SM
Generalized gravity model for human migration
The gravity model (GM) analogous to Newton's law of universal gravitation has
successfully described the flow between different spatial regions, such as
human migration, traffic flows, international economic trades, etc. This simple
but powerful approach relies only on the 'mass' factor represented by the scale
of the regions and the 'geometrical' factor represented by the geographical
distance. However, when the population has a subpopulation structure
distinguished by different attributes, the estimation of the flow solely from
the coarse-grained geographical factors in the GM causes the loss of
differential geographical information for each attribute. To exploit the full
information contained in the geographical information of subpopulation
structure, we generalize the GM for population flow by explicitly harnessing
the subpopulation properties characterized by both attributes and geography. As
a concrete example, we examine the marriage patterns between the bride and the
groom clans of Korea in the past. By exploiting more refined geographical and
clan information, our generalized GM properly describes the real data, a part
of which could not be explained by the conventional GM. Therefore, we would
like to emphasize the necessity of using our generalized version of the GM,
when the information on such nongeographical subpopulation structures is
available.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, 2 table
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