1,532 research outputs found
Development of multistage 10-m shuttle run test for VO2max estimation in healthy adults
Background and objective: The disadvantage of the traditional 20-m
multistage shuttle run test (MST) is that it requires a long space for
measurements and does not include various age groups to develop the test.
Therefore, we developed a new MST to improve the spatial limitation by reducing
the measurement to a 10-m distance and to resolve the bias via uniform
distributions of gender and age.
Material and methods: Study subjects included 120 healthy adults (60
males and 60 females) aged 20 to 50 years. All subjects performed a graded
maximal exercise test (GXT) and a 10-m MST at five-day intervals. We developed a
regression model using 70% of the subject’s data and performed a
cross-validation test using 30% of the data.
Results: The male
regression model’s coefficient of determination (R2) was 58.8%, and the
standard error of estimation (SEE) was 4.17 mL/kg/min. The female
regression model’s R2 was 69.2%, and the SEE was 3.39 mL/kg/min.
The 10-m MST showed a high correlation with GXT on the VO2max (males: 0.816;
females: 0.821). In the cross-validation test for the developed regression
models, the male’s SEE was 4.38 mL/kg/min, and the female’s SEE
was 4.56 mL/kg/min.
Conclusion: Thus, the 10-m MST is an accurate and valid method for
estimating the VO2max. Therefore, the 10-m MST developed by us can be used
when the existing 20-m MST cannot be used due to spatial limitations and can be
applied to both men and women in their 20s and 50s
Prediction of males’ physical work capacity in various simulated altitudes using an incremental cycle ergometer exercise test at sea level
Standard approach to predict the decrease
in physical fitness that will occur following a transition to a higher altitude
is unavailable. Therefore, the study aimed to design simple mathematical models
to predict submaximal exercise performance in various altitude environments,
using a simple physical work capacity test conducted at sea level involving
>200 subjects. After splitting the subjects’ data in a ratio of 7:3, we used
70% of the data for regression model development and employed 30% for
cross-validation testing. All subjects performed submaximal exercise tests using
a cycle ergometer at artificial altitudes of 2000 m, 3000 m, 4000 m, 5000 m, and
at sea level. We applied simple regression analysis to create a predictive model
with the statistical significance set at the level of <5%. There were 233
subjects involved in this study. The coefficient of determination of our
regression model was 40–58%, and the standard error of estimation was
14.96–17.27 watts. The cross-validation of our regression model was 8–10%.
Among the regression models developed, the one applied to an artificial altitude
of 5000 m was 17%, and the regression model applied to an artificial altitude
below 4000 m had no issues in generalization since the cross-validation was less
than 10%. However, the regression model applied to an artificial altitude of
5000 m had a cross-validity of 17%; therefore, it should be used with caution
Gaussian Quantum Illumination via Monotone Metrics
Quantum illumination is to discern the presence or absence of a low
reflectivity target, where the error probability decays exponentially in the
number of copies used. When the target reflectivity is small so that it is hard
to distinguish target presence or absence, the exponential decay constant falls
into a class of objects called monotone metrics. We evaluate monotone metrics
restricted to Gaussian states in terms of first-order moments and covariance
matrix. Under the assumption of a low reflectivity target, we explicitly derive
analytic formulae for decay constant of an arbitrary Gaussian input state.
Especially, in the limit of large background noise and low reflectivity, there
is no need of symplectic diagonalization which usually complicates the
computation of decay constants. First, we show that two-mode squeezed vacuum
(TMSV) states are the optimal probe among pure Gaussian states with fixed
signal mean photon number. Second, as an alternative to preparing TMSV states
with high mean photon number, we show that preparing a TMSV state with low mean
photon number and displacing the signal mode is a more experimentally feasible
setup without degrading the performance that much. Third, we show that it is of
utmost importance to prepare an efficient idler memory to beat coherent states
and provide analytic bounds on the idler memory transmittivity in terms of
signal power, background noise, and idler memory noise. Finally, we identify
the region of physically possible correlations between the signal and idler
modes that can beat coherent states.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure
DNA origami-designed 3D phononic crystals
Moulding the flow of phononic waves in three-dimensional (3D) space plays a critical role in controlling the sound and thermal properties of matter. To this end, 3D phononic crystals (PnCs) have been considered the gold standard because their complete phononic bandgap (PnBG) enables omnidirectional inhibition of phononic wave propagation. Nevertheless, achieving a complete PnBG in the high-frequency regime is still challenging, as attaining the correspondingly demanded mesoscale 3D crystals consisting of continuous frame networks with conventional fabrications is difficult. Here, we report that a DNA origami-designed-3D crystal can serve as a hypersonic 3D PnC exhibiting the widest complete PnBG. DNA origami crystallization can unprecedentedly provide 3D crystals such that continuous frame 3D crystals at the mesoscale are realizable. Furthermore, their lattice symmetry can be molecularly programmed to be at the highest level in a hierarchy of symmetry groups and numbers, which can facilitate the widening of the PnBG. More importantly, conformal silicification can render DNA origami-3D crystals rigid. Overall, we predict that the widest hypersonic PnBG can be achieved with DNA origami-designed 3D crystals with optimal lattice geometry and silica fraction; our work can provide a blueprint for the design and fabrication of mesoscale 3D PnCs with a champion PnBG
Tidal Effects on Intermediate Waters: A Case Study in the East/Japan Sea
Although tides are believed to be the most important source for diapycnal mixing in the ocean, few studies have directly simulated open-ocean circulation including tides. Because the East/Japan Sea (EJS) has been considered to be a “miniature ocean,” tidal effects on the intermediate water of the EJS are investigated by using an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model that can take account of M2 and K1 tides as well as oceanic flows. The simulated temperature and salinity in the intermediate layer are significantly improved by including tides. The improvement results from the combined effect of two internal tides. The M2 internal tide, propagating into the interior of the EJS, enhances vertical mixing and brings watermass characteristics closer to those observed. The K1 internal tide, trapped along the coast, induces southwestward flow along the Russian coast in the upper layer and thereby enhances the so-called Liman Current, which transports fresh waters with density conducive to the ventilation of intermediate waters in the EJS
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