Statistical Analysis of the Metropolitan Seoul Subway System: Network Structure and Passenger Flows

The Metropolitan Seoul Subway system, consisting of 380 stations, provides the major transportation mode in the metropolitan Seoul area. Focusing on the network structure, we analyze statistical properties and topological consequences of the subway system. We further study the passenger flows on the system, and find that the flow weight distribution exhibits a power-law behavior. In addition, the degree distribution of the spanning tree of the flows also follows a power law.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

Structural change in polar nanoregion in alkali niobate added Pb(Zn <inf>1/3</inf>Nb <inf>2/3</inf>) <inf>0.95</inf>Ti <inf>0.05</inf>O <inf>3</inf> single crystal and its effect on ferroelectric properties

Pb(Zn 1/3Nb 2/3) 0.95Ti 0.05O 3 (PZNT) single crystals with 5 mol.% alkali niobate such as LiNbO 3 (LN), NaNbO 3 (NN), and KNbO 3 (KN) were fabricated by using a flux method to investigate the effect of A-site cation radius on the structure and ferroelectric properties of PZNT under electric field (E-field). Their structure and properties showed different electric field dependence. Polarization versus electric field and strain versus electric field curves of PZNT-0.05LN showed E-field induced phase transition from a relaxor state to a normal ferroelectric state. However, only relaxor behavior was observed in PZNT-0.05NN and PZNT-0.05KN. The effect of A-site ion doping is attributed to the change in local lattice distortion and polar nano-region. When smaller cation such as Li ion substitutes Pb ion, the off-center displacement of Nb ion stabilizes rhombohedral lattice distortion. They, in turn, facilitate the development of macro-domains under electric field (E-field) in PZNT-0.05LN. In contrast, the substitution of Pb with larger cations such as Ni and K decreases the rhombohedral distortion of PZNT, which leads to the disappearance of unique E-field induced phase transition from rhombohedral to tetragonal phase in PZNT. Therefore, non-linear electrostrictive behavior of relaxor ferroelectrics is found in PZNT-0.05NN and PZNT-0.05KN. © 2012 American Institute of Physics

High-Performance, Wearable Thermoelectric Generator Based on a Highly Aligned Carbon Nanotube Sheet

A high-performance, wearable thermoelectric generator (TEG) was fabricated with a highly aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet. The aligned CNT sheet exhibits extraordinary electrical conductivity compared to disordered CNT sheets and also can be directly fabricated as a continuous TEG without metal electrode interconnects. This provides a significant reduction in contact resistance between TE legs and electrodes compared to traditional TEGs, resulting in higher power output. In addition, the continuity of the module without any disconnected parts provides high degrees of mechanical stability and durability. This robust and scalable approach to flexible TEG fabrication paves the way for CNT applications in lightweight, flexible, and wearable electronics