Characterizing Multi-radio Energy Consumption in Cellular/Wi-Fi Smartphones

Cellular networks evolved to meet the ever increasing traffic demand by way of offloading mobile traffic to Wi-Fi network elements. Exploiting multi-radio interfaces on a smartphone has recently been examined with regards to heterogeneous bandwidth aggregation and radio switching. However, how a smartphone consumes its energy in driving cellular and Wi-Fi multi-radio interfaces, is not well understood. In this paper, we revealed the energy consumption behavior of 3G cellular and Wi-Fi multi-radio operations of a smartphone. We modified smartphone’s firmware to enable multi-radios operations simultaneously and we performed extensive measurements of multi-radio energy consumption in a real commercial network. From the measured data set, we established a realistic multi-radio energy consumption model and it gave 98% stability from the derived coefficients

The Effect of Imbalanced Carrier Transport on the Efficiency Droop in GaInN-Based Blue and Green Light-Emitting Diodes

The effect of strongly-imbalanced carrier concentration and mobility on efficiency droop is studied by comparing the onset voltage of high injection, the onset current density of the droop, and the magnitude of the droop, as well as their temperature dependence, of GaInN-based blue and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs). An n-to-p asymmetry factor is defined as sigma(n)/sigma(p), and was found to be 17.1 for blue LEDs and 50.1 for green LEDs. Green LEDs, when compared to blue LEDs, were shown to enter the high-injection regime at a lower voltage, which is attributed to their less favorable p-type transport characteristics. Green LEDs, with lower hole concentration and mobility, have a lower onset current density of the efficiency droop and a higher magnitude of the efficiency droop when compared to blue LEDs. The experimental results are in quantitative agreement with the imbalanced carrier transport causing the efficiency droop, thus providing guidance for alleviating the phenomenon of efficiency droop.114sciescopu

Short-Term Effects of Combined Serial Casting and Botulinum Toxin Injection for Spastic Equinus in Ambulatory Children with Cerebral Palsy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that combination therapy of serial cast and botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection can further enhance the effects of a BTX-A injection in ambulant children with cerebral palsy (CP) who have an equinus foot. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children in group A (30 legs of 21 children) received a serial casting application after an injection of BTX-A, and children in group B (25 legs of 17 children) received only a BTX-A injection. Assessments were performed before the intervention and 1 month after the intervention. RESULTS: After the intervention, there were significant improvements in tone, dynamic spasticity, and passive range of motion (ROM) in both groups. However, the changes were greater in group A than in group B. Dimension D (standing) in Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)-66 was significantly improved in group A but not in group B. On the other hand, there were no significant changes in dimension E (walking, running, jumping) in GMFM-66 in either group. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that a serial casting application after BTX-A injection can enhance the benefits of BTX-A injection in children with cerebral palsy.ope

Quaternary semiconductor Cu2FeSnS4 nanoparticles as an alternative to Pt catalysts

We demonstrate an N719 dye sensitized solar cell based on Cu 2FeSnS4 (CFTS) as a counter electrode. The elements for the material are all earth abundant and environmentally benign. The power conversion efficiency of a DSSC using CFTS was comparable to that of a DSSC using Pt under A.M. 1.5G (100 mW cm-2).close3

Ruthenium anchored on carbon nanotube electrocatalyst for hydrogen production with enhanced Faradaic efficiency

Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts is crucial for the electrochemical production of pure and clean hydrogen. For practical applications, an economical and facile method of producing catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is essential. Here, we report ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles uniformly deposited on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an efficient HER catalyst. The catalyst exhibits the small overpotentials of 13 and 17 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) in 0.5M aq. H2SO4 and 1.0M aq. KOH, respectively, surpassing the commercial Pt/C (16 mV and 33 mV). Moreover, the catalyst has excellent stability in both media, showing almost "zeroloss" during cycling. In a real device, the catalyst produces 15.4% more hydrogen per power consumed, and shows a higher Faradaic efficiency (92.28%) than the benchmark Pt/C (85.97%). Density functional theory calculations suggest that Ru-C bonding is the most plausible active site for the HER

Enhanced overall efficiency of GaInN-based light-emitting diodes with reduced efficiency droop by Al-composition-graded AlGaN/GaN superlattice electron blocking layer

AlxGa1-xN/GaN superlattice electron blocking layers (EBLs) with gradually decreasing Al composition toward the p-type GaN layer are introduced to GaInN-based high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs). GaInN/GaN multiple quantum well LEDs with 5- and 9-period Al-composition-graded AlxGa1-xN/GaN EBL show comparable operating voltage, higher efficiency as well as less efficiency droop than LEDs having conventional bulk AlGaN EBL, which is attributed to the superlattice doping effect, enhanced hole injection into the active region, and reduced potential drop in the EBL by grading Al compositions. Simulation results reveal a reduction in electron leakage for the superlattice EBL, in agreement with experimental results. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.open1133sciescopu

Trabecular Bone Organoid Model for Studying the Regulation of Localized Bone Remodeling

Trabecular bone maintains physiological homeostasis and consistent structure and mass through repeated cycles of bone remodeling by means of tightly localized regulation. The molecular and cellular processes that regulate localized bone remodeling are poorly understood because of a lack of relevant experimental models. A tissue-engineered model is described here that reproduces bone tissue complexity and bone remodeling processes with high fidelity and control. An osteoid-inspired biomaterial-demineralized bone paper-directs osteoblasts to deposit structural mineralized bone tissue and subsequently acquire the resting-state bone lining cell phenotype. These cells activate and shift their secretory profile to induce osteoclastogenesis in response to chemical stimulation. Quantitative spatial mapping of cellular activities in resting and activated bone surface coculture showed that the resting-state bone lining cell network actively directs localized bone remodeling by means of paracrine signaling and cell-to-cell contact. This model may facilitate further investigation of trabecular bone niche biology

Massive transfusion protocol: the reason it is necessary

Objective. The purpose of this study is to identify problems of emergency transfusion at the bedside and to determine need for massive transfusion protocol. Methods. We included patients who met the criteria for “trauma team activation” and were admitted to division of trauma. The amount of blood product transfused in each unit was investigated for balanced transfusion. We also investigated the compliance with assessment of blood consumption score. The correlation between the time elapsed from patient visit to first transfusion order and time elapsed from first transfusion order to transfusion start was analyzed. Finally, we investigated various factors which serve to influence the decision-making process regarding early transfusion order. Results. Ratio of packed Red blood cells (pRBC): Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was well-balanced, but platelet transfusion done was much lower than pRBC and FFP in emergency room. The application of emergency blood release did not match the criteria of assessment of blood consumption (ABC) score. The time from the first transfusion order to the transfusion start was found to be constant irrespective of time from patient visit to first transfusion order. And, the time from the first transfusion order to transfusion start did not differ significantly among patients with early transfusion order and delayed transfusion order. Only systolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg was identified as a major predictor for early transfusion order. Conclusion. Balanced transfusion is not easy and emergency transfusion could be delayed at the bedside. Integrated and systematic structures for massive transfusion protocol would be invaluable and indispensable