Ejection of Double knots from the radio core of PKS 1510--089 during the strong gamma-ray flares in 2015

PKS 1510--089 is a bright and active $\gamma$-ray source that showed strong and complex $\gamma$-ray flares in mid-2015 during which the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov telescopes detected variable very high energy (VHE; photon energies $>$100 GeV) emission. We present long-term multi-frequency radio, optical, and $\gamma$-ray light curves of PKS 1510--089 from 2013 to 2018, and results of an analysis of the jet kinematics and linear polarization using 43 GHz Very Long Baseline Array data observed between late 2015 and mid-2017. We find that a strong radio flare trails the $\gamma$-ray flares in 2015, showing an optically thick spectrum at the beginning and becoming optically thin over time. Two laterally separated knots of emission are observed to emerge from the radio core nearly simultaneously during the $\gamma$-ray flares. We detect an edge-brightened linear polarization near the core in the active jet state in 2016, similar to the quiescent jet state in 2008--2013. These observations indicate that the $\gamma$-ray flares may originate from compression of the knots by a standing shock in the core and the jet might consist of multiple complex layers showing time-dependent behavior, rather than of a simple structure of a fast jet spine and a slow jet sheath.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, To appear in Ap

A Preliminary Report of Crosslinguistic Evidence on Efficacy of Semantic-Complexity Based Naming Treatment in Korean Aphasics

The current study investigated the efficacy of semantic-complexity based naming treatment in Korean participants with aphasia. Results suggested that both participants showed small to medium effect sizes in the trained items. However, generalization effects were greater in the participant who received treatment on the atypical items first, than the participant who was initiated on the typical items. These results are consistent with the previous findings in English-speaking aphasic participants (Kiran & Thompson, 2003; Kiran, 2008). Preliminary findings of two Korean participants with aphasia added crosslinguistic evidence on efficacy of the semantic complexity based naming treatment

Radical prostatectomy versus radiotherapy as local therapy for primary tumors in patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer

IntroductionWe compared radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiotherapy (RT) as local therapies for primary tumors and examined their associations with survival outcomes and urinary tract complications in patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer (omPC).MethodsWe evaluated the data of 85 patients diagnosed with omPC who underwent local therapy for primary tumors between January 2008 and December 2018. Of the 85 patients, 31 underwent prostate RT, while 54 underwent RP. Oligometastatic disease was defined as the presence of fewer than five metastatic lesions without visceral metastasis. Urinary tract complications, progression-free survival (PFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analyses. ResultsPatients treated with RT showed higher prostate-specific antigen levels. There was no significant difference in the 5-year PFS (52.5% vs. 37.9%, p=0.351), CSS (67.6% vs. 84.7%, p=0.473), or OS (63.6% vs. 73.8%, p=0.897) between the RT and RP groups. In the multivariate analyses, the type of local therapy was not associated with PFS (hazard ratio [HR]=1.334, p=0.356), CSS (HR=0.744, p=0.475), or OS (HR=0.953, p=0.897). ConclusionTherefore, RP seems to be a possible treatment option for patients with omPC, exhibiting oncologic outcomes comparable to those with RT

Dynamic ultrasonography of the shoulder

Ultrasonography (US) is a useful diagnostic method that can be easily applied to identify the cause of shoulder pain. Its low cost, excellent diagnostic accuracy, and capability for dynamic evaluation are also advantages. To assess all possible causes of shoulder pain, it is better to follow a standardized protocol and to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the shoulder than to conduct a focused examination. Moreover, a proper dynamic study can enhance the diagnostic quality of US, especially when the pathology is not revealed by a static evaluation. The purpose of this article is to review the common indications for dynamic US of the shoulder, and to present the basic techniques and characteristic US findings