Elaboração de nanopartículas de prata sintetizada do extrato de folhas de alecrim (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.) e seu uso como conservante

Nanoparticles are materials that measure from 1 to 100 nm of length. Currently, the antimicrobial property of silver nanoparticles is used by industries for the manufacture of beauty products and medicines. Nanoparticles can be synthesized from plants, algae or microorganisms, and they can also be obtained from combustion products. In this study, extracts of rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (NPs-Ag) in order to produce an antimicrobial compound to be used as a fruit preservative. NPs-Ag were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively by phytochemical analysis and UV-VIS spectroscopy, showing an absorption in the range of 389-418 nm, which corresponds to their surface plasmon resonance. Furthermore, Scanning Electronic Microscopy was used to determine the size and morphology of the NPs-Ag, observing a spherical shape of 10 nm of diameter. Two bacterial strains were used in the antimicrobial tests, the Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and the Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) to verify the antimicrobial activity of the NPs-Ag. For E. coli, a better antibacterial activity was obtained with an inhibition halo of 3.21 mm. Subsequently, the NPs-Ag were used in apples to determine their use as a preservative, using beeswax smeared on the surface of the fruit as control, observing that synthesized NPs-Ag prolonged the maturation time of the fruits.Las nanopartículas son materiales que pueden llegar a medir entre 1 a 100 nm de longitud, y en la actualidad la propiedad antimicrobiana de las nanopartículas de plata es aprovechada por las industrias para la fabricación de productos de belleza y medicamentos. Las nanopartículas pueden ser sintetizadas a partir de plantas, algas o microorganismos, y también pueden ser obtenidas como productos de combustión. En este estudio se utilizaron extractos de las hojas de romero (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) para la síntesis de nanopartículas de plata (NPs-Ag) con la finalidad de producir un compuesto antimicrobiano para usarse como conservante de frutas. Las NPs-Ag se caracterizaron cualitativa y cuantitativamente mediante análisis fitoquímicos y espectroscopia UV-VIS, presentando una absorción en el rango de 389-418 nm, que corresponde a la resonancia de su plasmón superficial. Además, se empleó la microscopía electrónica de barrido para determinar el tamaño y morfología de las NPs-Ag, observándose una forma esférica de 10 nm de diámetro. Se emplearon dos cepas bacterianas en los ensayos antimicrobianos realizados, la gramnegativa (Escherichia coli) y la grampositiva (Staphylococcus aureus) para comprobar la actividad antimicrobiana de las NPs-Ag.  Para E. coli se obtuvo una mejor actividad antibacteriana con un halo de inhibición de 3,21 mm. Posteriormente se usaron las NPs-Ag en manzanas para determinar su uso como conservante, usando la cera de abeja como control untada en la superficie de las frutas, observándose que las nanopartículas sintetizadas alargaron el tiempo de maduración de la frutas.  As nanopartículas são materiais que podem medir entre 1 e 100 nm de comprimento,  atualmente a propriedade antimicrobiana das nanopartículas de prata é utilizada pelas indústrias para fabricação de produtos de beleza e medicamentos. As nanopartículas podem ser sintetizadas a partir de plantas, algas ou microrganismos, e também podem ser obtidas como produtos de combustão. Neste estudo, extratos de folhas de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) foram utilizados para a síntese de nanopartículas de prata (NPs-Ag) a fim de produzir um composto antimicrobiano a ser utilizado como conservante de frutas. As NPs-Ag foram caracterizadas qualitativa e quantitativamente por análise fitoquímica e espectroscopia UV-VIS, apresentando uma absorção na faixa de 389-418 nm, que corresponde à ressonância do plasmão superfícial. Além disso, a microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi utilizada para determinar o tamanho e  morfologia das NPs-Ag, observando uma forma esférica de 10 nm de diâmetro. Nos testes antimicrobianos realizados foram utilizadas duas cepas bacterianas, uma gram-negativa (Escherichia coli) e uma gram-positiva (Staphylococcus aureus) para verificar a atividade antimicrobiana das NPs-Ag. Para E. coli, foi obtida uma melhor atividade antibacteriana com um halo de inibição de 3,21 mm. Posteriormente, as NPs-Ag foram utilizadas em maçãs para determinar seu uso como conservante, utilizando cera de abelha como controle espalhado na superfície dos frutos, observando-se que as nanopartículas sintetizadas estenderam o tempo de maturação dos fruto

Panel. Thinking Literature and History Comparatively

William Faulkner, Lawrence Stallings, and the Chronicling of World War I / Jason Fichtel, Joliet Junior CollegeReading Faulkner and Benét: From Yoknapatawpha to Region, or How to Revisit History in the South of Europe / Esther Sánchez-Pardo, Compultense Universidad de MadridThis paper places Faulkner’s legacy in a larger global framework in order to sketch the relationship between late modernisms and the interpretation of history, then and in the decades to come, in the context of other (non-US) national histories. For this reason my reading of Faulkner with Spanish novelist Juan Benet (1927-1993) pursues the idea of situating Faulkner in Europe and assessing the centrality of his influence on major writers and literary traditions. The comparative framework that I use in this paper will allow us to understand the particularities of Faulkner’s work as part of a broader project to essay revisionist histories employing the particular strategies of modernism as well as its impact on larger geographical areas and times. As I will attempt to show, the kinds of formal experimentation found in this tradition are deeply tied to a struggle to comprehend historical realities and their effects.From the Mississippi to the Yangtze: Faulkner and Mo Yan\u27s Wartime History / Christopher Rieger, Southeast Missouri State UniversityThis paper examines some of the influences, connections, and similarities between two Nobel Prize winning authors, William Faulkner (1950) and Mo Yan (2012), and specifically their relationships to history as seen through each author’s novel of civil war: Mo Yan’s Red Sorghum (1987) and Faulkner’s The Unvanquished (1938). Set in the 1930s and 40s, Red Sorghum details life in rural Shandong province during the Japanese invasion. It depicts common people resisting an invading army portrays both absurdly and heroically, a description also apt for The Unvanquished. Both writers combine the actual and the apocryphal in order to celebrate the fighting spirit of occupied people and to elevate figures from the past to near-heroic levels. Both writers also express veiled critiques of the present, though Mo Yan is perhaps more conservative than Faulkner in his reassessment of history for reasons both aesthetic and political

Cálculo de Dosimetría Mediante Elementos Finitos con Adaptabilidad Automática hp en Tres Dimensiones

In this communication the effect of the electromagnetic radiation on in vitro cell cultures is analyzed using a self-adaptive hp-Finite Element Method (hp-FEM) in three dimensions. Computer dosimetry is a challenging problem as it involves complex geometries with high contrast electromagnetic materials. hp-FEM produces exponential convergence rates in terms of the energy-norm error of the solution against the problem size (number of degrees of freedom), even in the presence of singularities. Thus, accurate electromagnetic solutions of complex problems, as computer dosimetry for in vitro experiments, can be obtained. Furthermore, the use of self-adaptive techniques provides solutions, with a user pre-specified degree of accuracy from a initial very coarse mesh without any a priori knowledge of the problem solutio

Deep-scaled fish (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii) from the lower Permian (Cisuralian) lacustrine deposits of the Parnaíba Basin, NE Brazil

The richly fossiliferous deposits of the Brazilian Pedra de Fogo Formation originated in an extensive aquatic system in tropical Pangaea, and grade from marginal lacustrine into marine deposits at the depocenter in the western part of the Parnaíba Basin. In addition to the well-known tetrapod and macrofloral records from these deposits, the Pedra de Fogo Formation yields extensive fish fossils indicating a diverse and abundant ichthyofauna. Among the actinopterygians, deep-bodied morphotypes are represented by whole fish as well as disarticulated dermal scales found at various localities in the states of Maranhão and Piauí. The gross morphology, ornamentation, and histology of some of these scales is highly distinctive, indicating the presence of a novel taxon (Piratata rogersmithii gen. et sp. nov.). The external surface of a Piratata scale is covered in multiple round-to-slightly elongated tubercles. The scale lacks a ganoin cover and is made up of cellular bone and odontocomplexes of orthodentine composing the tuberculated scale surface. The scale morphology and ornamentation most closely resemble that of Cleithrolepis granulatus from the Triassic of Australia and Cleithrolepis extoni from the Triassic Stormberg Beds of South Africa, but the new taxon differs from previously described species in several diagnostic morphological features. The use of scale characters in the taxonomy of ray-finned fishes and the palaeogeographic, palaeoenvironmental, and geochronological implications of the new taxon are discussed.Fil: Richter, Martha. British Museum (Natural History); Reino UnidoFil: Cisneros, Juan C.. Universidade Federal do Piaui; BrasilFil: Kammerer, Christian. North Carolina Museum Of Natural Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Pardo, Jason. Field Museum of National History; Estados UnidosFil: Marsicano, Claudia Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Frobisch, Jorg. Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Stuttgart; AlemaniaFil: Angielczyk, Ken. Field Museum of National History; Estados Unido

Tectonics, eustacy and climate: foraminifera and the late Cenozoic evolution of North-Central Chile

Abstrac

Paleozoic Crown Lungfishes from Gondwana foreshadow the Early Triassic Recovery Fauna

Modern lungfishes are renowned for tolerance of extreme environmental variation, which is thought to contribute to their abundance during the recovery from the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction (PTME). However, the Paleozoic origins of this clade and its biogeographic context remains unclear, with a 60 Ma ghost lineage at the base of the crown lungfish diversification spanning much of the Upper Carboniferous and the entirety of the Permian. This gap is particularly perplexing given the exceptional record of archaic lungfishes within this interval, particularly within paleoequatorial Euramerica, but also within eastern Europe. One possibility is that the assembly of the crown lungfish bauplan from known Carboniferous and Permian archaic lungfish groups occurred rapidly in the recovery from the PTME. However, an alternative explanation is that the crown lungfish bauplan evolved earlier in geographic regions outside the well-sampled Carboniferous and Permian basins of Euramerica, Russia, and South Africa. The sudden appearance of a diverse crown lungfish fauna in the earliest Triassic would then represent a biogeographic release in response to climate or diversity trends associated with the PTME. New lungfish faunas from outside these basins provide an opportunity to test these hypotheses. Here we report a diverse lungfish fauna from the Early Permian Pedra de Fogo Formation (Parnaíba Basin, northeastern Brazil) comprised of abundant lungfish toothplates and rarer associated or articulated skeletal remains. This fauna lacks archaic lungfish taxa (e.g. sagenodontids, ctenodontids, and conchopomatids) characteristic of contemporary localities in equatorial Euramerica. Instead, the Parnaíba fauna preserves a diverse assemblage of derived lungfishes, including a gnathorhizid and several crown lungfishes (ceratodontiforms). The gnathorhizid is represented by abundant toothplates and several partial skulls, and shows similarities to the North American gnathorhizid genera Persephonichthys and Gnathorhiza. The ceratodontiform, which is represented by toothplates as well as several partial skulls and skeletons, shows affinities with Triassic ptychoceratodontids and arganodontids, currently considered early members of the lepidosireniform stem group. Comparison with lungfish toothplate assemblages from the Paraná Basin of southern Brazil shows that the lungfish assemblage from the Parnaíba basin is also present in the Middle Permian of Brazil, likely representing a persistent biogeographic province in western Gondwana. We hypothesize that the lungfish crown group originated early in western Gondwana, but remained biogeographically restricted until the PTME eliminated incumbent competition in better-known biogeographical provinces.Fil: Pardo, Jason. University of Calgary; CanadáFil: Kammerer, Christian. Museum Fur Naturkunde; AlemaniaFil: Marsicano, Claudia Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Angielczyk, Kenneth D.. Field Museum of National History; Estados UnidosFil: Fröbisch, Jörg. No especifíca;Fil: Smith, Roger M. H.. University of Cape Town; SudáfricaFil: Cisneros, Juan C.. Universidade Federal do Piaui; BrasilAnnual Meeting Society Vertebrate PaleontologyEstados UnidosSociety of Vertebrate Paleontolog

Direct Evidence for Octupole Deformation in 146^{146}Ba and the Origin of Large E1E1 Moment Variations in Reflection-Asymmetric Nuclei

Despite the more than one order of magnitude difference between the measured dipole moments in $^{144}$Ba and $^{146}$Ba, the strength of the octupole correlations in $^{146}$Ba are found to be as strong as those in $^{144}$Ba with a similarly large value of $B(E3;3^- \rightarrow 0^+)$ determined as 48($^{+21}_{-29}$) W.u. The new results not only establish unambiguously the presence of a region of octupole deformation centered on these neutron-rich Ba isotopes, but also manifest the dependence of the electric dipole moments on the occupancy of different neutron orbitals in nuclei with enhanced octupole strength, as revealed by fully microscopic calculations.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let

Digging deeper into colonial palaeontological practices in modern day Mexico and Brazil

Scientific practices stemming from colonialism, whereby middle- and low-income countries supply data for high-income countries and the contributions of local expertise are devalued, are still prevalent today in the field of palaeontology. In response to these unjust practices, countries such as Mexico and Brazil adopted protective laws and regulations during the twentieth century to preserve their palaeontological heritage. However, scientific colonialism is still reflected in many publications describing fossil specimens recovered from these countries. Here, we present examples of ‘palaeontological colonialism’ from publications on Jurassic–Cretaceous fossils from NE Mexico and NE Brazil spanning the last three decades. Common issues that we identified in these publications are the absence of both fieldwork and export permit declarations and the lack of local experts among authorships. In Mexico, access to many fossil specimens is restricted on account of these specimens being housed in private collections, whereas a high number of studies on Brazilian fossils are based on specimens illegally reposited in foreign collections, particularly in Germany and Japan. Finally, we outline and discuss the wider academic and social impacts of these research practices, and propose exhaustive recommendations to scientists, journals, museums, research institutions and government and funding agencies in order to overcome these practices