2,447 research outputs found
‘Pole Test’ Measurements in Critical Leg Ischaemia
AbstractBackgroundFor the quantification of critical limb ischaemia (CLI) most vascular surgery units use sphygmo-manometric and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) measurements. However, measurements obtained by cuff-manometry can be overestimated especially in diabetic patients because of medial calcification that makes leg arteries less compressible. TcPO2 measurements present a considerable overlap in the values obtained for patients with different degrees of ischaemia and its reproducibility has been questioned. Arterial wall stiffness has less influence on the pole test, based on hydrostatic pressure derived by leg elevation, and this test seems to provide a reliable index of CLI.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the pole pressure test for detection of critical lower limb ischaemia, correlating results with cuff-manometry and transcutaneous oxygen pressure.DesignUniversity hospital-prospective study.Materials and methodsSeventy-four patients (83 legs) with rest pain or gangrene were evaluated by four methods: pole test, cuff-manometry, TcPO2 and arteriography. CLI was present if the following criteria were met: (a) important arteriographic lesions+rest pain with an ankle systolic pressure (ASP) ≤40mmHg and/or a TcPO2 ≤30mmHg, or (b) important arteriographic lesions+tissue loss with an ASP ≤60mmHg and/or a TcPO2 ≤40mmHg. Fifty-seven lower limbs met the criteria for CLI.ResultsMeasurements obtained by cuff-manometry were significantly higher to those obtained by pole test (mean pressure difference: 40mmHg, p<0.001). The difference between the two methods remained statistically significant for both diabetics (50.73, p<0.001) and non-diabetics (31.46, p<0.001). Mean TcPO2 value was 15.51mmHg and there was no important difference between patients with and without diabetes. Overall, there was a correlation between sphygmomanometry and pole test (r=0.481). The correlation persisted for patients without diabetes (r=0.581), but was not evident in patients with diabetes. Correlation between pole test and TcPO2 was observed only for patients with diabetes (r=0.444). There was no correlation between cuff-manometry and TcPO2. The pole test offered an accuracy of 88% for the detection of CLI. The sensitivity of this test was 95% and the specificity 73%
Strong laser fields and their power to generate controllable high-photon-number coherent-state superpositions
Recently, intensely driven laser-matter interactions have been used to
connect the fields of strong laser field physics with quantum optics by
generating non-classical states of light. Here, we make a further key step and
show the potential of strong laser fields for generating controllable
high-photon-number coherent-state superpositions. This has been achieved by
using two of the most prominent strong-laser induced processes: high-harmonic
generation and above-threshold ionization. We show how the obtained
coherent-state superpositions change from an optical Schr\"odinger "cat" state
to a "kitten" state by changing the atomic density in the laser-atom
interaction region, and we demonstrate the generation of a 9-photon shifted
optical "cat" state which, to our knowledge, is the highest photon number
optical "cat" state experimentally reported. Our findings anticipate the
development of new methods that naturally lead to the creation of
high-photon-number controllable coherent-state superpositions, advancing
investigations in quantum technology.Comment: Revised version submitted to Physical Review
Entanglement and non-classical states of light in a strong-laser driven solid-state system
The development of sources delivering non-classical states of light is one of
the main needs for applications of optical quantum information science. Here,
we demonstrate the generation of non-classical states of light using
strong-laser fields driving a solid-state system, by using the process of
high-order harmonic generation, where an electron tunnels out of the parent
site and, later on, recombines on it emitting high-order harmonic radiation, at
the expense of affecting the driving laser field. Since in solid-state systems
the recombination of the electron can be delocalized along the material, the
final state of the electron determines how the electromagnetic field gets
affected because of the laser-matter interaction, leading to the generation of
entanglement between the electron and the field. These features can be enhanced
by applying conditioning operations, i.e., quantum operations based on the
measurement of high-harmonic radiation. We study non-classical features present
in the final quantum optical state, and characterize the amount of entanglement
between the light and the electrons in the solid. The work sets the foundation
for the development of compact solid-state-based non-classical light sources
using strong-field physics.Comment: We present a different formulation to that of the previous version,
more in line with the approach followed in our previous works. 12 pages (8
main text + 4 Methods), 4 figures. Comments are welcom
Strong laser physics, non-classical light states and quantum information science
Strong laser physics is a research direction that relies on the use of
high-power lasers and has led to fascinating achievements ranging from
relativistic particle acceleration to attosecond science. On the other hand,
quantum optics has been built on the use of low photon number sources and has
opened the way for groundbreaking discoveries in quantum technology, advancing
investigations ranging from fundamental tests of quantum theory to quantum
information processing. Despite the tremendous progress, until recently these
directions have remained disconnected. This is because, the majority of the
interactions in the strong-field limit have been successfully described by
semi-classical approximations treating the electromagnetic field classically,
as there was no need to include the quantum properties of the field to explain
the observations. The link between strong laser physics, quantum optics, and
quantum information science has been developed in the recent past. Studies
based on fully quantized and conditioning approaches have shown that intense
laser--matter interactions can be used for the generation of controllable
entangled and non-classical light states. This achievement opens the way for a
vast number of investigations stemming from the symbiosis of strong laser
physics, quantum optics, and quantum information science. Here, after an
introduction to the fundamentals of these research directions, we report on the
recent progress in the fully quantized description of intense laser--matter
interaction and the methods that have been developed for the generation of
non-classical light states and entangled states. Also, we discuss the future
directions of non-classical light engineering using strong laser fields, and
the potential applications in ultrafast and quantum information science.Comment: 60 pages, 20 figures. Comments are welcom
Entanglement and squeezing of the optical field modes in high harmonic generation
Squeezing of optical fields, used as a powerful resource for many
applications, and the radiation properties in the process of high harmonic
generation have thus far been considered separately. In this Letter, we want to
clarify that the joint quantum state of all the optical field modes in the
process of high harmonic generation is in general entangled and squeezed. We
show that this is already the case in the simplest scenario of driving
uncorrelated atoms by a classical laser light field. The previous observation
of product coherent states after the high harmonic generation process is a
consequence of the assumption that the ground state depletion can be neglected,
which is related to vanishing dipole moment correlations. Furthermore, we
analyze how the resulting quadrature squeezing in the fundamental laser mode
after the interaction can be controlled and explicitly show that all field
modes are entangled.Comment: 4 pages (2 figures
Quantum-Optical Spectrometry in Relativistic Laser-Plasma Interactions Using the High-Harmonic Generation Process: A Proposal
Operationalizing ensemble models for scientific advice to fisheries management
This paper explores the possibility of using the ensemble modelling paradigm to fully capture assessment uncertainty and improve the robustness of advice provision. We identify and discuss advantages and challenges of ensemble modelling approaches in the context of scientific advice. There are uncertainties associated with every phase in the stock assessment process: data collection, assessment model choice, model assumptions, interpretation of risk, up to the implementation of management advice. Additionally, the dynamics of fish populations are complex, and our incomplete understanding of those dynamics and limited observations of important mechanisms, necessitate that models are simpler than nature. The aim is for the model to capture enough of the dynamics to accurately estimate trends and abundance, and provide the basis for robust advice about sustainable harvests. The status quo approach to assessment modelling has been to identify the “best” model and generate advice from that model, mostly ignoring advice from other model configurations regardless of how closely they performed relative to the chosen model. We discuss and make suggestions about the utility of ensemble models, including revisions to the formal process of providing advice to management bodies, and recommend further research to evaluate potential gains in modelling and advice performance.publishedVersio
- …