23 research outputs found
Sex differences in CD4+ T cell count, CD4% and viral load, amongst 2,101 ART-naĂŻve South African children.
<p>A. Absolute CD4 counts changes with age. B. CD4% changes with age. C. Viral load changes with age. In each panel, the solid lines are Loess-smoothed regression lines for female children and the dotted lines are Loess-smoothed regression lines for male children. A multivariable linear regression model, with both sex and age as covariates, shows significantly lower absolute CD4 counts in males (p = 0.005); significantly lower CD4% in males (p = 3.7x10<sup>-7</sup>); and no significant difference in viral load between the sexes.</p
Indications for ART Initiation in 222 children whose CD4 counts were above CD4 treatment thresholds.
<p><sup>a</sup> Not within the guidelines for ART initiation in children</p><p>Indications for ART Initiation in 222 children whose CD4 counts were above CD4 treatment thresholds.</p
Sex differences in immune reconstitution amongst the patients started treatment under the pre-2013 WHO guidelines.
<p>Sex differences by log rank test are shown as follows: A. Survival after ART initiation. B. CD4+ T cell percentage recovery (>35%) rate among the children who started ART aged 1–4 years old with CD4+ T cell <25%. C. Absolute CD4+ T cell count recovery (>750/ul) among children initiating ART aged ≥5 years old with absolute CD4+ T cell counts <350/ul.</p
Study cohorts of HIV-infected South African children analyzed.
<p>Study cohorts of HIV-infected South African children analyzed.</p
Multivariate analysis of sex differences in CD4+ T cell recovery after initiating ART.
<p><sup>a</sup> HR: Hazard ratio</p><p><sup>b</sup> 95% confidential interval range</p><p><sup>c</sup> aHR: adjusted hazard ratio</p><p>Multivariate analysis of sex differences in CD4+ T cell recovery after initiating ART.</p
Relationship between number of HLA associations with Nef sequence polymorphisms and median viral load for subjects expressing that allele, for HLA-A, -B and -C alleles.
<p>Data from lineage-corrected analysis of 739 C-clade Nef sequences. P-values by Mann–Whitney U test.</p
Absolute CD4 count, CD4% and viral load in HIV-infected children and HIV-uninfected neonates.
<p><sup><b>a</b></sup> Mann Whitney test</p><p><u>HIV-Infected Children, n = 2,101</u>.</p
Proportion of HIV-infected children who were female in the subgroups analyzed within the Kimberley cohort.
<p>The proportion of female children in whom ART was initiated at CD4 counts higher than the CD4 thresholds compared to those in whom ART was initiated at CD4 counts lower than the CD4 thresholds differed significantly (p<0.001).</p
Variation in C-clade Nef sequences, and relationship between amino acid variability and presence of HLA-class I selection pressure.
<div><p>[A] Nef consensus sequence (derived from 739 C-clade sequences from Southern African patients) plotted against Shannon entropy score. Residues at which there is an association with HLA-Class I expression are shown in grey. As previously observed, the sequence is most highly conserved in the central portion of the protein (residues 66-148) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B8" target="_blank">8</a>]..</p>
<p>[B] Entropy scores of residues associated with HLA-class I expression vs. those with no HLA association, showing significantly higher variability at sites at which HLA selection operates, particularly in the central conserved region. P-value by Mann Whitney U test.</p></div
Map of central region of Nef showing sites of key epitopes and residues at which CD8+ selection pressure operates.
<p>Central conserved region of HIV-1 Nef is shown previously defined as HXB2 residues 81-160 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B8" target="_blank">8</a>]. Corresponding B-clade and C-clade consensus sequences are shown along with SIVmac239 consensus. Positions of epitopes restricted by alleles HLA-B*27 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B37" target="_blank">37</a>], HLA-B*57 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B28" target="_blank">28</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B64" target="_blank">64</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B65" target="_blank">65</a>] and HLA-B*44 are highlighted in green, orange and blue respectively. Regions homologous to Mamu-B*08 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B36" target="_blank">36</a>] and Mamu-B*17 epitopes [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B66" target="_blank">66</a>] are also marked (yellow and purple respectively). SIV 115-129 also highlighted as a region recently associated with SIV control in macaques [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B41" target="_blank">41</a>]. Responses to overlapping peptides 79 and 85 are associated with viraemic control, q<0.2 (black boxes). Sites of mutations selected by HLA-B*57, HLA-B*27, HLA-B*44, Mamu-B*08 and Mamu-B*17 are marked with arrows [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B29" target="_blank">29</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B36" target="_blank">36</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073117#B67" target="_blank">67</a>]. This highlights the substantial overlap between HIV and SIV epitopes restricted by alleles that are associated with favourable immune control.</p