Progress on Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

In recent years, there has been a consensus regarding the enhancement of prognosis in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through the utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Numerous clinical studies have also demonstrated the substantial value of immunotherapy for resectable NSCLC patients. Nevertheless, there remain controversies surrounding the exploration of immune combination strategies, treatment-related side effects, prognostic biomarkers, as well as other issues in the neoadjuvant therapy setting. Consequently, this article presents a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in neoadjuvant immunotherapy for resectable NSCLC, stimulating fresh perspectives and delving into its merits and challenges in clinical application

Development and validation of the CAIL prognostic score in non‐small cell lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion

Abstract Background Patients with malignant pleural effusion (MPE) typically have poor prognoses, and predicting survival is challenging. The present study aimed to identify prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with MPE in the time of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Methods Data of 344 consecutive NSCLC patients with MPE on clinical, radiological, and molecular characteristics and treatment options were collected. The risk factors in the training cohort were assessed using univariate and multivariate proportional hazards analyses. A clinical prognostic score was established and validated. Results According to the results of the multivariable survival analysis, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score (PS), antiangiogenic therapy, immunotherapy, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in pleural fluid (CAIL) prognostic score was developed (n = 275) and subsequently validated (n = 69). Patients who underwent risk stratification into low‐, moderate‐, and high‐risk groups had median OS of 46.1, 23.1, and 9.6 months, respectively (P < 0.0001). The area under the curve (AUC) analysis showed the CAIL score to be superior at predicting survival compared with the LENT score at 6 (0.84 vs. 0.77, P < 0.01), 12 (0.87 vs. 0.82, P < 0.01), and 36 months (0.80 vs. 0.77, P < 0.01). Conclusions For NSCLC patients with MPE, the validated CAIL prognostic score integrates clinical characteristics and therapeutic modalities to predict survival

High PD-L1 Expression Correlates with an Immunosuppressive Tumour Immune Microenvironment and Worse Prognosis in <em>ALK</em>-Rearranged Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

High tumour programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) after tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy in ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the characteristics of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and their prognostic values in ALK-rearranged NSCLC are unknown. Here, we collected tumour tissues from pretreated ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients, immunohistochemical staining was used to assess PD-L1 expression, and tumour-infiltrating immune cells were determined via multiplex immunofluorescence staining (mIF). Our data showed that the median values of PFS for the high PD-L1 group and low PD-L1 group who received ALK-TKI treatment were 4.4 and 16.4 months, respectively (p = 0.008). The median overall survival (OS) of the two groups was 24.0 months and not reached, respectively (p = 0.021). Via univariate and multivariate analyses, a high PD-L1 expression and a worse ECOG PS were determined to be independent prognostic factors of OS (HR = 3.35, 95% CI: 1.23–9.11, p = 0.018; HR = 6.42, 95% CI: 1.45–28.44, p = 0.014, respectively). In addition, the high PD-L1 group had increased Tregs and exhausted CD8+ T cells in both the tumour and stroma (all p ALK-rearranged NSCLC. The characteristics of the TME in patients with high PD-L1 expression were shown to have an immunosuppressive status

Thermodynamic characteristics of CH4 adsorption by continental shale: A case study of the Upper Triassic Yanchang shale in the Yanchang Gasfield, Ordos Basin

In order to improve the calculation method of the isosteric adsorption heat, clarify thermodynamic characteristics of CH4 adsorption by continental shale and reveal the adsorption mechanism, this paper selected shale samples from the seventh Member of Yanchang Formation of Upper Triassic in the Yanchang Gasfield of the Ordos Basin as the research object. The isothermal adsorption experiment was carried out on the CH4 adsorption by continental shale and the excess adsorption curves were plotted. Then, the characteristics of the isosteric adsorption heat of the shale with different types of adsorption capacity were illustrated by analyzing and comparing the difference between excess and absolute adsorption capacity. And the following research results were obtained. First, under the same temperature and pressure, absolute adsorption capacity is higher than the excess values. The difference between them is higher under low temperature and high pressure and it is in the relationship of exponential function with the equilibrium pressure. If excess adsorption capacity is used to evaluate the adsorptive property of shale reservoirs, the evaluation result will be underestimated. Second, for CH4 adsorption by Yanchang Formation shale, the absolute and excess isosteric adsorption heat values have a linear positive correlation with absolute and excess adsorption capacity respectively, and the intermolecular force of adsorbate has a dominant effect on isosteric adsorption heat values. Third, absolute isosteric adsorption heat value is less than the excess heat. The relative error is in the range of 18.18–49.79%, and it is higher in the stage with low adsorption capacity. If excess adsorption capacity is taken as the basic data to calculate initial isosteric adsorption heat values, the calculation result will be overvalued, and consequently, the evaluation of the intermolecular force of adsorbent and adsorbate is overestimated

Image_1_Theory of mind and facial emotion recognition in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy: A meta-analysis.TIF

BackgroundMounting studies have investigated impairments in social cognitive domains (including theory of mind [ToM] and facial emotion recognition [FER] in adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, to date, inconsistent findings remain.MethodsA search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was conducted until December 2021. Hedges g effect sizes were computed with a random-effects model. Meta-regressions were used to assess the potential confounding factors of between-study variability in effect sizes.ResultsThe meta-analysis included 41 studies, with a combined sample of 1,749 adult patients with TLE and 1,324 healthy controls (HCs). Relative to HCs, adult patients with TLE showed large impairments in ToM (g = −0.92) and cognitive ToM (g = −0.92), followed by medium impairments in affective ToM (g = −0.79) and FER (g = −0.77). Besides, no (statistically) significant differences were observed between the magnitude of social cognition impairment in adult with TLE who underwent and those who did not undergo epilepsy surgery. Meta-regressions exhibited that greater severity of executive functioning was associated with more severe ToM defects, and older age was associated with more severe FER defects.ConclusionsResults of this meta-analysis suggest that adult patients with TLE show differential impairments in the core aspects of social cognitive domains (including ToM and FER), which may help in planning individualized treatment with appropriate cognitive and behavioral interventions.</p

Table_1_Theory of mind and facial emotion recognition in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy: A meta-analysis.docx

BackgroundMounting studies have investigated impairments in social cognitive domains (including theory of mind [ToM] and facial emotion recognition [FER] in adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, to date, inconsistent findings remain.MethodsA search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was conducted until December 2021. Hedges g effect sizes were computed with a random-effects model. Meta-regressions were used to assess the potential confounding factors of between-study variability in effect sizes.ResultsThe meta-analysis included 41 studies, with a combined sample of 1,749 adult patients with TLE and 1,324 healthy controls (HCs). Relative to HCs, adult patients with TLE showed large impairments in ToM (g = −0.92) and cognitive ToM (g = −0.92), followed by medium impairments in affective ToM (g = −0.79) and FER (g = −0.77). Besides, no (statistically) significant differences were observed between the magnitude of social cognition impairment in adult with TLE who underwent and those who did not undergo epilepsy surgery. Meta-regressions exhibited that greater severity of executive functioning was associated with more severe ToM defects, and older age was associated with more severe FER defects.ConclusionsResults of this meta-analysis suggest that adult patients with TLE show differential impairments in the core aspects of social cognitive domains (including ToM and FER), which may help in planning individualized treatment with appropriate cognitive and behavioral interventions.</p

Image_2_Theory of mind and facial emotion recognition in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy: A meta-analysis.TIF

BackgroundMounting studies have investigated impairments in social cognitive domains (including theory of mind [ToM] and facial emotion recognition [FER] in adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, to date, inconsistent findings remain.MethodsA search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was conducted until December 2021. Hedges g effect sizes were computed with a random-effects model. Meta-regressions were used to assess the potential confounding factors of between-study variability in effect sizes.ResultsThe meta-analysis included 41 studies, with a combined sample of 1,749 adult patients with TLE and 1,324 healthy controls (HCs). Relative to HCs, adult patients with TLE showed large impairments in ToM (g = −0.92) and cognitive ToM (g = −0.92), followed by medium impairments in affective ToM (g = −0.79) and FER (g = −0.77). Besides, no (statistically) significant differences were observed between the magnitude of social cognition impairment in adult with TLE who underwent and those who did not undergo epilepsy surgery. Meta-regressions exhibited that greater severity of executive functioning was associated with more severe ToM defects, and older age was associated with more severe FER defects.ConclusionsResults of this meta-analysis suggest that adult patients with TLE show differential impairments in the core aspects of social cognitive domains (including ToM and FER), which may help in planning individualized treatment with appropriate cognitive and behavioral interventions.</p

Image_3_Theory of mind and facial emotion recognition in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy: A meta-analysis.TIF

BackgroundMounting studies have investigated impairments in social cognitive domains (including theory of mind [ToM] and facial emotion recognition [FER] in adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, to date, inconsistent findings remain.MethodsA search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was conducted until December 2021. Hedges g effect sizes were computed with a random-effects model. Meta-regressions were used to assess the potential confounding factors of between-study variability in effect sizes.ResultsThe meta-analysis included 41 studies, with a combined sample of 1,749 adult patients with TLE and 1,324 healthy controls (HCs). Relative to HCs, adult patients with TLE showed large impairments in ToM (g = −0.92) and cognitive ToM (g = −0.92), followed by medium impairments in affective ToM (g = −0.79) and FER (g = −0.77). Besides, no (statistically) significant differences were observed between the magnitude of social cognition impairment in adult with TLE who underwent and those who did not undergo epilepsy surgery. Meta-regressions exhibited that greater severity of executive functioning was associated with more severe ToM defects, and older age was associated with more severe FER defects.ConclusionsResults of this meta-analysis suggest that adult patients with TLE show differential impairments in the core aspects of social cognitive domains (including ToM and FER), which may help in planning individualized treatment with appropriate cognitive and behavioral interventions.</p

Table_2_Theory of mind and facial emotion recognition in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy: A meta-analysis.docx

BackgroundMounting studies have investigated impairments in social cognitive domains (including theory of mind [ToM] and facial emotion recognition [FER] in adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, to date, inconsistent findings remain.MethodsA search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was conducted until December 2021. Hedges g effect sizes were computed with a random-effects model. Meta-regressions were used to assess the potential confounding factors of between-study variability in effect sizes.ResultsThe meta-analysis included 41 studies, with a combined sample of 1,749 adult patients with TLE and 1,324 healthy controls (HCs). Relative to HCs, adult patients with TLE showed large impairments in ToM (g = −0.92) and cognitive ToM (g = −0.92), followed by medium impairments in affective ToM (g = −0.79) and FER (g = −0.77). Besides, no (statistically) significant differences were observed between the magnitude of social cognition impairment in adult with TLE who underwent and those who did not undergo epilepsy surgery. Meta-regressions exhibited that greater severity of executive functioning was associated with more severe ToM defects, and older age was associated with more severe FER defects.ConclusionsResults of this meta-analysis suggest that adult patients with TLE show differential impairments in the core aspects of social cognitive domains (including ToM and FER), which may help in planning individualized treatment with appropriate cognitive and behavioral interventions.</p