133 research outputs found
Varijabilnost i naslednost osobina tipa bikovskih majki holŔtajn frizijske rase
Objective of this study was to calculate the variability and heritability of type traits in the nucleus herd of bull dams by using the linear method of evaluation, and to determine their importance in selection of cattle. Study included 127 Holstein-Friesian cows selected as bull dams on cattle farms of PKB Korporacija, Belgrade. By applying the Least square method, main variationstatistical parameters were calculated: arithmeitc mean, standard deviation, variation coefficient, standard error and variation range. Bull dams of Holstein- Friesian breed had average milk production of 10245.98 kg, with variation range from 6514 kg to 13251 kg. Average milk fat yield was 361.95 kg, and milk fat content 3,53%. Average values for type scores of Holstein-Friesian bull dams were: rump height 5.40, chest width 7.09, body depth 7.38, rump position 5.39, rump width 6.55, dairy form 7.35, rear legs set (rear view) 5.22, rear legs set (side view) 5.28, hoof angle 5.27, fore udder 6.65, front teats placement 5.43, teat length 4.76, udder depth 6.96, rear udder height 7.13, suspensory ligament 7.08 and rear teats placement 5.89. Also, heritability coefficients and errors were calculated for all milk and type traits. Type and body development scores are very important indicators of production ability of cows, their potential to consume sufficient quantities of food, produce high quality milk from the technological aspect, reduce the use of energy in production and remain as long as possible in exploitation.Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je da se u nukleus zapatu bikovskih majki primenom linearnog metoda ocenjivanja krava izraÄuna varijabilnost i heritabilitet osobina tipa, i njihov znaÄaj u selekciji goveda. Istraživanjem je obuhvaÄeno 127 krava holÅ”tajn frizijske rase odabrane u kategoriju bikovskih majki na farmama PKB Korporacije, Beograd. Za sve ispitivane osobine primenom metoda najmanjih kvadrata izraÄunati su osnovni varijaciono-statistiÄki parametri: aritmetiÄka sredina, standardna devijacija, koeficijenti varijacije, standardna greÅ”ka i interval varijacije. Bikovske majke holÅ”tajn frizijske rase ostvarile su proseÄnu proizvodnju mleka od 10245.98 kg, pri Äemu je interval variranja bio od 6514 kg do 13251 kg. ProseÄna proizvodnja mleÄne masti iznosila je 361,95 kg, a sadržaj mleÄne masti 3,53%. ProseÄne vrednosti ocene tipa bikovskih majki holÅ”tajn frizijske rase iznosile su: visina krsta 5,40, Å”irina grudi 7,09, dubina tela 7,38, položaj karlice 5,39, Å”irina karlice 6,55, mleÄne karakteristike 7,35, položaj zadnjih nogu otpozadi 5,22, položaj zadnjih nogu sa strane 5,28, ugao papaka 5,27, prednja veza vimena 6,65, pozicija prednjih sisa 5,43, dužina sisa 4,76, dubina vimena 6,96, visina zadnjeg vimena 7,13, centralni ligament 7,08 i položaj zadnjih sisa 5,89. Osim toga za sve osobine mleÄnosti i tipa izraÄunati su koeficijenti heritabiliteta i njihove greÅ”ke. Ocene tipa i telesne razvijenosti su veoma važni pokazatelji proizvodnih sposobnosti krava, njihovih moguÄnosti da konzumiraju dovoljne koliÄine hrane, daju tehnoloÅ”ki kvalitetno mleko, smanje utroÅ”ak energije u proizvodnji i Å”to duže ostanu u eksploataciji
ZnaÄaj koriÅ”Äenja omega-3 masnih kiselina u ishrani ljudi i životinja
Life of modern people in urban conditions is characterized by lack of movement, which is main condition for maintenance of health, presence of large amount of additives and pesticide residua in food of plant and animal origin and polluted air and water. If the presence of oxidative stress is added as part of normal metabolism occurring during degradation of nutritive substances, when great quantity of free radicals is released, which organism in these conditions often is not capable of neutralizing, the homeostatic mechanisms are disturbed and this leads to health disturbances and even severe illnesses. In such complex living conditions, science is facing the challenge of finding out the way to prevent diseases and slow the aging process using food, primarily basic food stuffs - milk and meat, enriching them with certain substances which are of vital importance to our health. One of the ways is use of functional food which should contain not only its main nutritive value but also such ingredients which have impact on improvement of general health condition, i.e. they have preventive and therapy effect. In this paper, a review of the significance of omega-3 fatty acids in human nutrition is presented. As essential substances they cannot be synthesized in the organism, but have to be introduced through diet. Also, the significance of some essential omega-6 fatty acids as well as their mutual relation, are presented. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in animal nutrition is also pointed out in this paper, introduced or consumed by animals either by grazing or as diet supplement, which influence improvement of their production, reproduction and health performances.Život savremenog Äoveka u urbanim uslovima karakteriÅ”e nekretanje kao osnovni uslov zdravlja, prisustvo velike koliÄine aditiva i rezidua pesticida u hrani biljnog i animalnog porekla, zagaÄeni vazduh i voda. Ako se tome doda i prisustvo oksidativnog stresa kao deo normalnog metabolizma koji se deÅ”ava pri razlaganju hranljivih materija, pri Äemu se oslobodi velika koliÄina slobodnih radikala, koje organizam u ovakvim uslovima Äesto nije sposoban da potpuno neutraliÅ”e, dolazi do naruÅ”avanja homeostatskih mehanizama koje Äesto dovode do naruÅ”avanja zdravlja pa i do najtežih bolesti. U ovakvim složenim uslovima življenja, izazov nauke je da pronaÄe naÄine kako da putem hrane, pre svega osnovnih životnih namirnica mleka i mesa, obogaÄujuÄi ih pojedinim materijama koji su od vitalnog znaÄaja za naÅ”e zdravlje, utiÄe na spreÄavanje bolesti i usporavanje procesa starenja. Jedan od naÄina je i koriÅ”Äenje funkcionalne hrane koja pored osnovne hranljive vrednosti treba da sadrži i takve sastojke koji utiÄu na popravljanje opÅ”teg zdravstvenog stanja, odnosno deluju preventivno i terapeutski. U radu je na revijalan naÄin predstavljen znaÄaj omega-3 masnih kiselina u ishrani ljudi koje kao esencijalne materije ne mogu da se sintetiÅ”u u organizmu, veÄ moraju da se unesu putem obroka. TakoÄe, ukazano je i na znaÄaj pojedinih esencijalnih omega-6 masnih kiselina kao i meÄusoban odnos ovih dveju kiselina. Pored toga, istaknuta je uloga omega-3 masnih kiselina u ishrani životinja koje ih unose ili putem paÅ”e ili kao dodatak obroku, a one utiÄu na popravljanje njihovih proizvodnih, reproduktivnih i zdravstvenih performansi
StoÄarska proizvodnja - stanje i buduÄi pravci razvoja u Republici Srbiji
Livestock production is important branch of agriculture in Republic of Serbia. Over 700.000 households are engaged in this production, which is over 55% of total number of households. Livestock production provides necessary products (milk, meat, eggs) for nutrition of domestic population. Also, livestock production provides raw materials for food industry (dairy plants, slaughterhouses, meat industry, conditory industry and leather industry). Livestock production is expected to provide high quality products for export, primarily beef and lamb meat. Chance/opportunity for export exists also for cheeses of high quality (especially sheep and goat cheeses) of defined origin and quality. Based on available data, current situation in livestock production is assessed as inviolable. Number of heads of all species of domestic animals and poultry has been constantly decreasing over the period of last 12 years. The greatest decrease of number of heads of livestock was recorded in years 2000, 2001 and 2002, in all species of domestic animals. During this period, number of cattle decreased by 18,6%, of pigs by 11,8%, sheep by 12,3%, number of goats by 54,1%, horses by 66,0% and poultry by 28,0%. So, by the end of 2007, number of cattle was 1.087.000, pigs 3.832.000, sheep 1.606.000, goats 149.000, horses 18.000 and poultry 16.422.000. Republic of Serbia will in its near future become member of European Union (EU) and World Trade Organization (WTO), which means that livestock production should prepare for competition on unique developed market, without any state trade barriers. Serbia has been preparing for this since 2006 when it signed bilateral agreement on free trade with neighbouring countries - Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) and in this way became part of the market and accepted the competition rules on the free market. Accession to EU and WTO includes liberalization of trade in livestock products, low possibility for import protection, implementation of quality standards (HACCP; ISO, Global GAP), reduction of the level of domestic support, discontinuing of export subsidies, increase of profitability and ability to be competitive on the international market.StoÄarska proizvodnja je znaÄajna grana poljoprivrede u Republici Srbiji. Zastupljeno je u preko 700.000 domaÄinstava (55% od ukupnog broja domaÄinstava) i predstavlja znaÄajnu privrednu granu koja uÄestvuje u formiranju druÅ”tvenog proizvoda poljoprivrede sa 42%. StoÄarskom proizvodnjom se obezbeÄuju neophodni proizvodi (mleko, meso, jaja) za ishranu domaÄeg stanovniÅ”tva. Pored toga stoÄarstvo obezbeÄuje sirovine za prehrambenu industriju (mlekare, klanice, konditorske industrije i industrija prerade kože). Od stoÄarske proizvodnje se oÄekuje da obezbedi kvalitetne proizvode za izvoz, pre svega juneÄe i jagnjeÄe meso. Å ansu za izvoz imaju i kvalitetni sirevi (posebno ovÄiji i koziji) sa definisanim poreklom i kvalitetom. Na osnovu raspoloživih podataka stanje stoÄarstva u Srbiji se ocenjuje kao nepovoljno. Broj grla kod svih vrsta domaÄih životinja i živine u poslednjih dvanaest godina konstantno opada. NajveÄe smanjenje broja grla registrovano je u toku 2000., 2001., i 2002. godine kod svih vrsta domaÄih životinja. U ovom periodu broj goveda je smanjen za 18,6%, broj svinja za 11,8%, broj ovaca za 12,3%, broj koza za 54,1% broj konja za 66,0% i broj živine za 28,0%. Tako da je na kraju 2007. godine broj grla goveda 1.087.000 , 3.832.000 grla svinja, 1.606.000 grla ovaca, koza 149.000, 18.000 grla konja i 16.422.000 živine. Republika Srbija u bližoj buduÄnosti postaÄe Älan Evropske unije (EU) i Svetske trgovinske organizacije (STO) Å”to znaÄi da se stoÄarska proizvodnja mora pripremiti za konkurenciju na jedinstvenom razvijenom tržiÅ”tu, na kome neÄe postojati državne trgovinske barijere. Srbija na tom putu se priprema veÄ od 2006. godine potpisivanjem bilateralnog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini sa susednim zemljama (Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) i samim tim postala deo tržiÅ”ta i prihvatila pravila konkurencije na slobodnom tržiÅ”tu. Pristupanje u EU i STO podrazumeva veÄu liberalizaciju trgovine stoÄarskim proizvodima, mala moguÄnost zaÅ”tite od uvoza, implementacija standarda kvaliteta (HACCP; ISO, Global GAP), smanjenje nivoa domaÄe podrÅ”ke, ukidanje izvoznih subvencija, poveÄanje profitabilnosti i sposobnost da se izdrži konkurencija na meÄunarodnom tržiÅ”tu
Selekcija bikovskih majki u populaciji simentalske rase goveda
Increase of production and improvement of the quality of milk, as well as of the intensity of fertility, are main prerequisites of modern cattle production. For the purpose of production of domestic Simmental bulls it is necessary to select the best cows from main herd. These heads as a rule represent approx. 1% of best cows in the controlled population primary in regard to production of milk and milk fat, but also in regard to body development, udder development and fertility traits. Fertilization of bull dams is done according to adequate system, where, for each dam, annually, bull, previously selected as sire, is determined, whose semen will be used for her insemination. Since the fastest way for selection and genetic progress is sire-son line, the most attention is directed to selection of bull sires. In Serbia, annually, only very few bulls are tested, which is insufficient for realization of greater and faster genetic improvement of production and reproduction traits of Simmental population of cattle. Therefore, centres for artificial insemination often import semen of elite bulls for planned insemination of Simmental bull dams, or borrow young bulls from abroad (waiting bulls) whose semen is used for insemination of main population. In this paper criteria for selection of cows into category of bull dams are presented as well as results relating to milk production, fertility, body development and type score of bull dams of Simmental breed in Central Serbia.PoveÄanje proizvodnje i kvaliteta mleka kao i intenziteta plodnosti, osnovni su preduslovi savremene govedarske proizvodnje. Za potrebe proizvodnje bikova simentalske domaÄe rase neophodno je iz matiÄnog zapata odabrati najbolje krave. Ova grla, po pravilu, predstavljaju oko 1% najboljih krava kontrolisane populacije, pre svega u proizvodnji mleka i mleÄne masti, a zatim i u telesnoj graÄi, graÄi vimena i osobinama plodnosti. OploÄavanje bikovskih majki se obavlja po odgovarajuÄem sistemu. Svakoj kravi se u toku jedne godine odreÄuje bik Äijim Äe se semenom osemeniti, a koji je prethodno odabran za oca buduÄih bikova. BuduÄi da je najbrži put selekcije i genetskog unapreÄenja osobina putem linije otac-sin, izboru bikovskih oÄeva se pridaje najveÄa pažnja. U Srbiji se na godiÅ”njem nivou testira jako mali broj bikova, Å”to je nedovoljno za ostvarivanje nekog veÄeg i bržeg genetskog poboljÅ”anja proizvodnih i reproduktivnih osobina populacije simentalske rase goveda. Iz tih razloga se centri za veÅ”taÄko osemenjavanje odluÄuju na uvoz semena za plansko oploÄavanje bikovskih majki simentalske rase, ili pozajmicu mladih bikova iz inostranstva (ÄekajuÄi bikovi) Äije seme se upotrebljava za veÅ”taÄko osemenjavanje matiÄne populacije. Pored kriterijuma na osnovu kojih se vrÅ”i odabiranje krava u kategoriju bikovskih majki u radu su prikazani i rezultati mleÄnosti, plodnosti, kao i telesne razvijenosti i ocene tipa bikovskih majki simentalske rase u centralnoj Srbiji
Uticaj paragenetskih faktora na telesnu razvijenost bikovskih majki Simentalske rase
Body development and type are very important indices of production ability of cows, their capacity to consume sufficient quantity of food, produce technologically high quality milk, reduce the energy consumption in production of milk, remain in exploitation as long as possible and give more progeny. This research included 278 cows of Simmental breed selected into the category of bull dams on the territory of Republic of Serbia. By application of method of least squares following average values of exterior measures were obtained: height to withers 136,04 cm; carcass length 165,81 cm; breast depth 73,61 cm; breast girth 201,12 cm; body mass 695,29 kg. Regions influenced statistically highly significantly all investigated exterior traits (P (lt) 0,01). Year of measuring had no statistically significant effect (P>0,05) on body development of Simmental bull dams. Obtained values were considerably uniform without any greater oscillations. .Telesna razvijenost i tip su veoma važni pokazatelji proizvodnih sposobnosti krava, njihovih moguÄnosti da konzumiraju dovoljne koliÄine hrane, daju tehnoloÅ”ki kvalitetno mleko, smanje utroÅ”ak energije u proizvodnji i Å”to duže ostanu u proizvodnji i daju veÄi broj potomaka. Ovim istraživanjem je obuhvaÄeno 278 krava simentalske rase odabrane u kategoriju bikovskih majki na podruÄju Republike Srbije. Primenom metoda najmanjih kvadrata dobijene su proseÄne vrednosti eksterijernih mera: visina grebena 136,04 cm; dužina trupa 165,81 cm; dubina grudi 73,61 cm; obim grudi 201,12 cm; telesna masa 695,29 kg. Regioni su statistiÄki vrlo znaÄajno uticali na sve ispitivane eksterijerne osobine (P (lt) 0,01). Godina merenja nije statistiÄki znaÄajno uticala (P>0,05) na telesnu razvijenost bikovskih majki simentalske rase. Dobijene vrednosti bile su dosta ujednaÄene bez nekih veÄih oscilacija.
Uzroci izluÄenja krava u vezanom sistemu držanja
Causes for cow culling in a tie stall system were investigated on a sample of 3060 cows culled in 2011, on seven large dairy farms in the Belgrade region. The total level of culling was 34.58% of the average number of cows. The number of cows culled decreased with lactation order (from 981 cows in the first to 294 cows in the sixth and later lactations). The most dominant cause for culling were diseases of the legs and hooves (28.4%), as was expected, having in mind the tie stall system. If selection (low production) is abstracted as the reason for culling, what stands out by importance are metabolic diseases (15.7%) and problems of reproduction (reproductive diseases - 8.6%, and difficult calvings and abortions 5.7%). With the increase of duration of the lactation during which cows were culled, reproductive diseases gained importance as the reason for culling, while the importance of metabolic diseases and diseases of the legs and hooves in this context decreased. When culled, on the average, cows were 5.2 years old, having on the average spent 1112 days in production, of which 978 days in milking. Their average milk production per day of milking was 22.00 kg, per day of life 10.6 kg, and per day of production 19.8 kg.Ispitivanje uzroka izluÄenja krava u vezanom sistemu držanja izvrÅ”eno je na uzorku 3060 izluÄenih krava tokom 2011. godine na sedam velikih farmi za proizvodnju mleka u Beogradskom regionu. Ukupna stopa izluÄenih krava iznosila je 34,58% od proseÄnog broja krava. Broj izluÄenih krava se smanjivao sa porastom laktacije po redu (od 981 krave u prvoj do 294 krave u Å”estoj i ostalim laktacijama). Najdominantniji uzrok izluÄenja su bila oboljenja nogu i papaka (28,43%), Å”to je i oÄekivano s obzirom na vezani sistem držanja. Ako se izuzmu selekcijski razlozi (niska proizvodnja), kao razlozi izluÄenja po znaÄaju se izdvajaju metaboliÄke bolesti (15,72%) i problemi sa reprodukcijom (reproduktivne bolesti - 8,63% i težina telenja i abortusi 5,65%). Sa porastom trajanja laktacije u kojoj su krave izluÄene, reproduktivne bolesti su sve viÅ”e dobijale na znaÄaju kao razlog izluÄenja, a metaboliÄke bolesti i bolesti nogu i papaka gubile. U momentu izluÄenja krave su u proseku bile stare 5,18 god. i u proizvodnji su proseÄno provele 1112 dana, od toga 978 dana u muži. Njihova proseÄna proizvodnja mleka po danu u muži je bila 21,96 kg, po danu života 10,63kg i po produktivnom danu 19,75 kg
Milk with functional food properties
This paper presents the results reflected on obtaining the milk enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. As source of omega-3 fatty acids, product of French company Vitalac called "TradiLin", was used. Trial was carried out on 20 trials (T) and 20 control (C) cows of Simmental breed and it lasted 80 days. Average content of omega-3 in trial and control group was 0.586 and 0.284 g/100g of extracted fat (Pā¤0.01), whereas content of omega-6 in same order of treatments was 3.141 and 3.011 g/100g of extracted fat (Pā¤0.05). Ratio omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids of 10.602 (control) was declined to 5.360 (trial), which is considered to be desirable from the aspect of nutrition with milk as functional food. Also, in other milk final product called "mladi kajmak", obtained by taking off milk fat from the surface of heat treated and cooled milk, content of omega-3 in trial and control group showed the same trend, 0.76 and 0.41 g/100g of extracted fat (Pā¤0.01), whereas content of omega-6 were 3.90 and 3.79 g/100g of extracted fat (Pā¤0.05). Ratio omega-6/omega-3 in control group was reduced of 9.24 to 5.10, which are considered to be extremely favourable. Chemical constituents of milk, somatic cell count as well as total plate count showed no differences between groups (P>0.05). Also, investigated treatment had no effect on changes in biochemical blood parameters
Proizvodnja juneÄeg mesa sa svojstvima funkcionalne hrane
In this study the effects of 'Tradi-Lin' as a source of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) in diets for fattening cattle were presented. 'Tradi-Lin' produced from flax seed had 58% omega-3 and 15% omega-6 fatty acids of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Trial was carried out on three groups of finishing beef cattle (C, T1 and T2) with 15 heads in each and was lasted 60 days. The diets used based on maize silage and concentrate mixture. Cattle received 0, 300 and 700 g of 'Tradi-Lin' per day, respectively. At the end of trial heads were slaughtered and major parameters of the chemical composition and meat quality were determined. The results indicated that were no differences in saturated (50.85; 50.21; 50.34%) and unsaturated (49.15; 49.79; 49.66%) FA between treatments in intramuscular fat of the m. longissimus dorsi but 'Tradi-Lin' influenced the changes in structure of intramuscular fat and increased PUFA from 4.91 (C) to 5.54 (T1) and 7.31% (T2) ( P (lt) 0.05). The increase of omega-3 FA from 0.36 (C) to 0.60 (T1) and 0.76% (T2) must be pointed out, ( P (lt) 0.05). The omega-6 FA were also increased from 4.51 (C) to 4.94 (T1) and 6.22% (T2) (P>0.05) but omega-6: omega- 3 ratio was reduced from 12.25 (C) to 8.22 (T1) (P (lt) 0.05) and 8.62(T2), (P (lt) 0.01). Trans unsaturated FA which are undesirable were decreased from 3.37% (C) to 2.43% (T1) and 2.36% (T2)(P (lt) 0.05). From nutritional aspect those results have a great importance, having in mind that omega-3 FA have a vital role in human health.U radu su predstavljeni efekti koriÅ”Äenja proizvoda 'Tradi-Lin' kao izvora omega-3 masnih kiselina u obrocima junadi u tovu. Proizvod 'TradiLin'dobijen je termiÄkom obradom semena lana, sadrži 58% omega-3 i 15% omega-6 masnih kiselina od ukupno polinezasiÄenih masnih kiselina (PUFA) i predstavlja patent francuske firme Vitalac. Ogled je izveden na tri grupe simentalske rase junadi (C, T1 i T2) sa po 15 grla u svakoj, u periodu dva meseca pred klanje. Obroci za sve grupe junadi bili su potpuno identiÄni i bazirani na silaži cele biljke kukuruza i smeÅ”i koncentrata. Jedina razlika bila je ta Å”to su grla pored osnovnog obroka dobijala 0, 300 i 700 g 'Tradi-Lin' -a dnevno, respektivno. Na kraju ogleda grla su zaklana i odreÄeni su najvažniji parametri hemijskog sastava i kvaliteta mesa. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da u intramuskularnoj masti leÄnog dela M. longissimus dorsi (MLD) nije postojala razlika u sadržaju zasiÄenih (50,89; 50,21; 50,32%) i nezasiÄenih (49,15; 49,79; 49,66%) masnih kiselina meÄu ispitivanim tretmanima (C, T1 i T2). MeÄutim, dodavanje 'TradiLin'- a uticalo je na promenu strukture intramuskularne masti u korist poveÄanja PUFA od 4,95 (C), na 5,98 (T1) odnosno 7,31% (T2) (P (lt) 0.05). Treba posebno istaÄi poveÄanje sadržaja omega-3 masnih kiselina sa 0,36 (C) na 0,60 (T1) odnosno na 0,76% (T2), (P (lt) 0,05). Jednovremeno poveÄao se sadržaj omega-6 masnih kiselina od 4,51 (C) na 4,94 (T1) odnosno 6,22% (T2) (P>0,05) a odnos omega -6/omega-3 smanjen sa 12,25 (C) na 8,22 (T1) (P (lt) 0,05) i 8,62 (T2), (P (lt) 0,01). Sadržaj trans nezasiÄenih masnih kiselina koje su nepoželjne smanjen je sa 3,37% (C) na 2,43% (T1) (P (lt) 0,05) odnosno 2,36% (T2). Dodavanje 0,7 kg ovog preparata u obroke u zadnjih dva meseca tova potpuno je ekonomski opravdano jer utiÄe na zanemarljivo poveÄanje cene u odnosu efekte koji se dobijaju. Sa nutricionistiÄkog aspekta ovi rezultati imaju veliki znaÄaj imajuÄi u vidu da omega-3 masne kiseline imaju vitalnu ulogu u oÄuvanju zdravlja ljudi
Fenotipski i genetski parametri reproduktivnih osobina crno belih krava sa razliÄitim udelom HF gena
In this paper, results of the effect of direct and indirect selection of quantitative fertility traits of cattle end heritability level are presented. Study of the quantitative genetic parameters was carried out on three large farms of Black and White, Holstein-Friesian cattle. Investigation included 3900 first calving cows, daughters of 54 bull sires. The effect of genetic group of the head of cattle (genotype) and of the herd on fertility and milk traits of heifers and first calving cows of Black and White breed was investigated. Genetic group of the head of cattle (genotype) had no significant effect in variation of the fertility traits compared to general average (P (lt) 0.01). The effect of herd caused statistically significant and highly significant deviation from the general average, P (lt) 0.05 and P (lt) 0.01. Established heritability coefficients for fertility traits had low values for age at insemination (0,112), duration of pregnancy (0,045) and duration of service period (0,097). Results were obtained by applying mathematicalstatistical analysis of data - using mixed model (Harvey, 1990). Mathematical-statistical analysis of data was carried out using linear methods with fixed influence through model of Least Squares (LS method). Genotype of the head of cattle caused no significant deviation of fertility traits (P>0,05).U ovom radu su predstavljeni rezultati uticaja direktne i indirektne selekcije na kvantitativne osobine plodnosti goveda i nivo heritabiliteta. Ispitivanje kvantitativnih genetskih parametara je izvedeno na tri velike farme gde se gaje crno-bela, holÅ”tajn-frizijska goveda. Ispitivanje je ukljuÄivalo 3900 prvotelki, kÄeri 54 bika-oÄeva. Ispitivan je uticaj genetske grupe grla goveda (genotip) i zapata na osobine plodnosti i mleÄnosti junica i prvotelki crno-bele rase. Genetska grupa grla goveda (genotip) nije imala signifikantan uticaj na variranje osobina plodnosti u odnosu na opÅ”ti prosek (P (lt) 0.01). Uticaj zapata je izazvao statistiÄki signifikantno i visoko signifikantno odstupanje od opÅ”teg proseka, (P (lt) 0.05) and (P (lt) 0.01). Ustanovljeni koeficijenti heritabiliteta za osobine plodnosti su imali niske vrednosti za osobine uzrast pri prvoj inseminaciji (0,112), trajanje bremenitosti (0,045) i trajanje servis perioda (0,097). Rezultati su dobijeni primenom matematiÄko-statistiÄke analize podataka - koriÅ”Äenjem meÅ”ovitog modela (Harvey, 1990). MatematiÄko-statistiÄka analiza podataka je izvrÅ”ena koriÅ”Äenjem linearnih metoda sa fiksnim uticajem kroz model najmanjih kvadrata (LS metod). Genotip grla goveda nije izazvao signifikantno odstupanje osobina plodnosti (P>0,05)
Uticaj vremena zrenja i CaCl2 na kvalitet juneÄeg mesa
Investigations were carried out on four muscles (M. longissimus dorsi, M. semimembranosus, M. semitendinosus, M. biceps femoris) taken from five young cattle (crosses Domestic Spotted x Limousine) of average body mass prior to slaughtering of 587 kg. On all muscles, 24 h after slaughtering, sensory evaluation was carried out and the following parameters determined: pH value, colour, water binding ability, cooking loss and tenderness (initial values). The remaining part of each muscle was divided into 6 parts, 3 were packaged in plastic foil (control samples), and other 3 were soaked in solution containing 0,4% CaCl2 and 0,4% NaCl and packaged in plastic foil. Pieces of meat prepared in this way were left on temperature of + 40C 7, 14 and 21 days to mature. After this period, all mentioned analyses were carried out on meat samples. It was established that pH value during maturation increased, that meat packaged in plastic foil after 14 days of maturation becomes unusable, whereas the increase of pH values of meat whose maturation occurred in solution CaCl2 and NaCl was slower and therefore meat was still usable after 21 days. Color of meat in control samples was slightly lighter compared to initial condition, whereas the color of meat whose maturation occurred in solutions of salt was statistically considerably lighter (P (lt) 0,05 after 7 days, a P (lt) 0,001 after 14 and 21 days). Water binding ability in control samples was slightly better (P>0,05) after 7 days and after 14 days it was statistically significantly better (P (lt) 0,05) compared to initial state, whereas in meat whose maturation occurred in salt solution this ability was at initial level even after 21 days. Cooking loss in control samples was lower compared to initial values whereas in meat soaked in salt solution cooking loss was higher. Meat tenderness in control samples was statistically considerably better after 14 days of maturation (when meat was not fit for use) and in meat soaked in salt solution it was statistically highly significantly better after 14 and 21 days. According to sensory evaluation, control samples of meat, after 14 days of maturation are not fit for use, whereas meat whose maturation occurred in solution of CaCl2 and NaCl even after 21 days is acceptable from the sensory aspect.Ispitivanja su obavljena na Äetiri miÅ”iÄa (M. longissimus dorsi, M. semimembranosus, M. semitendinosus, M. biceps femoris) uzetih od pet junadi (melezi domaÄe Å”areno goveÄe x limuzin), proseÄne mase pred klanje 587 kg. Na svim miÅ”iÄima 24 sata posle klanja obavljena je senzorna ocena i odreÄeni su: pH vrednost, boja, sposobnost vezivanja dodate vode, kalo kuvanja i mekoÄa (poÄetne vrednosti). Ostatak svakog miÅ”iÄa podeljen je na 6 delova od kojih su po 3 upakovani u plastiÄnu foliju (kontrolni uzorci), a ostala 3 dela su potopljena u rastvor koji sadrži 0,4% CaCl2 i 0,4% NaCl i upakovani u plastiÄnu foliju. Ovako pripremljeni komadi mesa ostavljeni su pri temperaturi od + 40C 7, 14 i 21 dan na zrenju. Posle isteka zadatog vremena uraÄena su na komadima od svih miÅ”iÄa navedena ispitivanja.UtvrÄeno je da se pH vrednost tokom zrenja poveÄava i da u mesu koje je upakovano u plastiÄnu foliju posle 14 dana zrenja dospeva u oblast kad je meso neupotrebljivo, dok je poveÄanje pH vrednosti kod mesa Äije se zrenje odvijalo u rastvoru CaCl2 i NaCl sporije tako da je meso i posle 21 dan upotrebljivo. Boja mesa kod kontrolnih uzoraka bila je neznatno svetlija u odnosu na poÄetno stanje, dok je boja mesa Äije se zrenje odvijalo u rastvoru soli bila statistiÄki znaÄajno svetlija (P (lt) 0,05 nakon 7 dana, a P (lt) 0,001 nakon 14 i 21 dan). Sposobnost vezivanja vode kod kontrolnih uzoraka bila je neznatno (P>0,05) bolja nakon 7 dana dok je nakon 14 dana bila statistiÄki znaÄajno bolja (P (lt) 0,05) u poreÄenju sa poÄetnim stanjem, dok je kod mesa Äije se zrenje odvijalo u rastvoru soli i posle 21 dan bila na nivou poÄetnog stanja. Kalo kuvanja kod kontrolnih uzoraka bio je manji u poreÄenju sa vrednostima na poÄetku ogleda dok je kod mesa potopljenog u rastvor soli bio veÄi. MekoÄa mesa kod kontrolnih uzoraka bila je statistiÄki znaÄajno bolja nakon 14 dana zrenja (kad je meso bilo neupotrebljivo) dok je kod mesa potopljenog u rastvor soli bila statistiÄki visoko znaÄajno bolja posle 14 i 21 dan. Prema senzornoj oceni kontrolni uzorci mesa nakon 14 dana zrenja postaju neupotrebljivi, dok je meso Äije se zrenje odvijalo u rastvoru CaCl2 i NaCl i nakon 21 dan zrenja senzorno veoma prihvatljivo
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