FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION, AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF POLYMERIC NANOSUSPENSION OF FLURBIPROFEN

Objective: At present, more than 40% of drugs are poorly water-soluble that leads to reduced bioavailability. The objective of the present investigation was to overcome the issue of poor aqueous solubility of drug; therefore, stable flurbiprofen (FBF) nanosuspensions were developed by nanoprecipitation method. Materials and Methods: Based on particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency, the polymeric system of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E15 and poloxamer 188 was used effectively. The prepared formulations were evaluated for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, saturation solubility, entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, dissolution profile, and stability. Results: The resultant FBF nanosuspensions depicted particles in size range of 200–400 nm and were physically stable. After nanonization, the crystallinity of FBF was slightly reduced in the presence of excipients. The aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of all FBF nanosuspensions were significantly increased as compared with FBF powder. Conclusion: This investigation demonstrated that nanoprecipitation is a promising method to develop stable polymeric nanosuspension of FBF with significant increase in its aqueous solubility

FPGA Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for PV System

Photovoltaic power generation has two major problems: the conversion efficiency of existing PV modules is less and amount of power generated by PV system changes with weather conditions. Also, the PV cell I-V characteristics are non-linear due to complex relationship of voltage and current and varies with change in temperature or insolation. There is only one point on P-V or I-V curve called Maximum Power Point at which PV system operates at maximum efficiency and produces maximum output power. Failure to track MPP causes significant power loss. So, Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT are required to operate PV system at MPP. The P&O algorithm and INC algorithm are commonly used methods to track MPP by adjusting duty cycle of DC-DC converter. The existing methods use microcontroller or DSP controller to implement MPPT algorithm.FPGA provides number of advantages over sequential machine microcontroller as FPGA does concurrent operation i.e. instructions executed continuously and simultaneously. DSP does DSP related calculation only so, with FPGA numbers number of components required are less. Also, FPGA is faster than DSP. Thus, the size of components required for power converter decreases. The MPPT algorithm is implemented on FPGA and programmed through LabVIEW. The programmed FPGA track MPP continuously

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE NANOSUSPENSION LOADED IN SITU MUCOADHESIVE OCULAR GEL

Currently, a variety of ophthalmic products illustrate low bioavailability after topical administration because of anatomical and physiological barriers of eye. Ketorolac tromethamine (KT) is a BCS class I, potent anti-inflammatory drug. The rationale of present work was to design and develop KT nanosuspension loaded in situ gel with sustained effect and greater permeability for ocular drug delivery through increased ocular residence time of drug. KT nanosuspension loaded in situ gel was designed by using 32factorial design. Polymers and surfactant were optimized through trial batches exhibiting better drug content (%), In Vitro trans-corneal permeation (%) and corneal hydration (%).Optimized formulation was evaluated for clarity, pH, gelling capacity, rheological behavior, drug content (%), Ex-vivo trans-corneal permeation, corneal hydration, HET CAM assay and physical stability. The resultant formulations revealed optimum viscosity, pH and drug content; as well as higher trans-corneal permeability when compared to the marketed eye drop. Optimized formulation was found as nonirritant to eye with sustained effect and good stability. So, current system can be considered as an efficient ocular drug delivery system for the treatment of postoperative inflammation, which would improve patient compliance and ocular bioavailability. Keywords: Ketorolac tromethamine, in situ gel, corneal hydration, mucoadhesive, trans-corneal permeabilit

Biofuels: Production and Properties as Substitute Fuels

Renewable sources include plants and animal fats, which are the main components of biofuels. Biofuels are free from sulfur, aromatics, metals, and crude oil residues. Since biofuels are more lubricating than petroleum diesel fuel, they are nonflammable and extend the life of diesel engines. As a result of this study, the main chemical and physical properties of biofuels were investigated, including their lubricity, viscosity, calorific value, and cetane number, which indicate the quality of renewable fuels, and compared with the other. We examined and compared the combustion characteristics of various types of biofuels as an alternative fuel, as well as their emissions characteristics. Biodiesel and biodiesel blends are compared to mineral diesel, as well as their performance in CI engines in this study’s review. With modified combustion equipment, biodiesel fuels can potentially reduce air pollution in diesel engines and are a very good substitute for fossil fuels. There is a need for more research and technological development in order for biofuels to become economically viable. Biofuel/biodiesel research should therefore be supported with policies that make their prices competitive with other conventional sources of energy. In the current state of affairs, biofuels are more effective when used alongside other sources of energy

A REVIEW ON DISINTEGRATION CONTROL MATRIX TABLETS

A number of sustained release formulations are available in the market which successfully sustained the drug release over a prolonged period of time by different mechanisms. The new approach for sustaining the drug release is disintegration control matrix tablet which sustained the drug release up to 24hrs by controlling the disintegration rate of tablet. Disintegration control matrix tablet (DCMT) mainly forms the granules containing drug and disintegrating agent such as low substituted hydroxyl propyl cellulose by various methods such as solid dispersion technique. The sustained release of drug is maintained by increasing the wax coating or decreasing the amount of disintegrants. The release of drug from tablet is uniform throughout till all the drug releases from tablet as it involves drug release by diffusion, dissolution and surface erosion mechanism. DCMT increases the solubility of drug and improves the bioavailability without disturbing gastrointestinal transit. BCS Class II, III, IV drugs are the best candidate for DCMT formulations. Keywords: Disintegration control matrix tablet (DCMT), Wax, Disintegrating agent, Solid dispersion

ANALYTICAL METHOD EVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR ANTI ASTHAMATIC DRUG OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN NASAL SPRAY FORMULATIONS BY RP-HPLC

A new, simple, accurate and economic reverse-phase HPLC method has been developed for quantification of Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride in nasal spray formulations. This developed method has been validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline with respect to system suitability, specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness. An isocratic condition of mobile phase Phosphate buffer (pH 3.0): Acetonitrile in a ratio of 60:40, v/v at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute over RP C18 (octadecylsilane (ODS), 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm, ECLIPSE X DB C-18) column at ambient temperature was maintained. This method is specific and showed excellent linear response with correlation coefficient (R2) values of 0.999, which was within the limit of correlation coefficient (R2 0.995). A  simple  and accurate reversed-phase  HPLC  method  for  the  analysis  of  Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride in  nasal spray formulations was developed and validated successfully

A study of method development and validation for estimation of Azelastine hydrochloride in nasal spray formulations by RP-HPLC method

A simple reverse-phase HPLC method for the estimation of Azelastine hydrochloride in nasal spray formulations has been developed. The method is simple, accurate, precise, specific and linear over the analysis range. This developed method has been validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline with respect to system suitability, specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness. An isocratic condition of mobile phase comprising Phosphate buffer (pH 3.1): Acetonitrile in a ratio of 60:40, v/v at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute over RP C18 (octadecylsilane (ODS), 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm, CHROMOSIL) column at ambient temperature was maintained. Besides, the chromatographic peak was observed sharp & symmetric. The proposed method was successfully applied for the estimation of the Azelastine hydrochloride in nasal spray formulation

Treatment of persistent organic pollutants in wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation in synergy with advanced oxidation process

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are very tenacious wastewater contaminants. The consequences of their existence have been acknowledged for negatively affecting the ecosystem with specific impact upon endocrine disruption and hormonal diseases in humans. Their recalcitrance and circumvention of nearly all the known wastewater treatment procedures are also well documented. The reported successes of POPs treatment using various advanced technologies are not without setbacks such as low degradation efficiency, generation of toxic intermediates, massive sludge production, and high energy expenditure and operational cost. However, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have recently recorded successes in the treatment of POPs in wastewater. AOPs are technologies which involve the generation of OH radicals for the purpose of oxidising recalcitrant organic contaminants to their inert end products. This review provides information on the existence of POPs and their effects on humans. Besides, the merits and demerits of various advanced treatment technologies as well as the synergistic efficiency of combined AOPs in the treatment of wastewater containing POPs was reported. A concise review of recently published studies on successful treatment of POPs in wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation technology in combination with other advanced oxidation processes is presented with the highlight of direction for future research focus

SOLAR GRID-TIED INVERTER, WITH BATTERY BACK-UP FOR EFFICIENT SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING

Solar energy is the only source to be trusted for sustainable energy creation.The performance of the solar based systemsis enhancedby cluster of the research carried out to in last decade.Researchers have worked hard for performance improvement of the solar system in last decade and still theresearch is going on.Authors have proposed the grid connected inverter system application with maximum power point tracking for the performance improvement of the system.The main motive of this studyis to present and implementthe efficiency enhancementapproach of the grid connected system.The power electronics converters have been utilized for effective identification of the operating point.The system is implemented in the MATLAB environment with simulink

Ivabradine versus carvedilol in the management of palpitation with sinus tachycardia among recovered COVID-19 patients

Introduction: One of the major complications among COVID-19 patients include cardiac arrhythmias. Commonest arrhythmia is sinus tachycardia which is usually associated with palpitation causing discomfort to patients. In this study, we present a comparative study of use of Ivabradine vs. Carvedilol for sinus tachycardia in post-COVID-19 infected patients. Method: 50 consecutive recovered COVID-19 patients with sinus tachycardia were included in this open labelled RCT. 25 patients received Ivabradine and remaining 25 received Carvedilol. Single therapy non-responders were treated with Ivabradine with Atorvastatin. Results: The mean age of all patients is 48.8±7.66 years (Males 49.5 ± 7.21 years; Females 47.68 ± 8.23 years). The mean heart rate (MHR) of all patients is 125.52 ± 9.07/min (Males 125.67 ± 8.78/min; Females 125.26 ± 9.5/min). After five days of single drug therapy the mean drop in the heart rate was 35.04 ± 10.55/min (Males 34.41 ± 9.71/min; Females 36.05 ± 11.72/min), resulting in 27.88 ± 8.11% (Males 27.38 ± 7.56%; Females 28.69 ± 8.89%) reduction in MHR. Among the two groups, the Carvedilol group showed improvement of MHR in 14(56%) patients; whereas in Ivabradine group 18(72%) patients improved out of 25 patients each (p: 0.2385). In the Carvedilol group the MHR reduced from 128.6 ± 8.44 to 95.68 ± 10.63 (p < 0.001), which is statistically significant; similarly, the Ivabradine group showed a MHR from 122.44 ± 8.62 to 85.28 ± 10.52 (p < 0.001). The monotherapy therapy non-responders were treated with dual-therapy of (Ivabradine + Atorvastatin). Discussion: Ivabradine is more effective in controlling heart rate compared to Carvedilol. Also, Ivabradine group scores very well in ‘patient-satisfaction’ with regards to symptom (palpitation) relief. Conclusion: The COVID-19 sequelae of sinus tachycardia can be better controlled with Ivabradine when compared to Carvedilol