Incidence and Control of Worm Burdens in Bali Bulls Fed Forage Tree Legumes in West Nusa Tenggara

Bali cattle are the predominant domestic cattle raised in smallholder systems in eastern Indonesia. They are characterised by low growth rates partly due to genetic factors but largely due to insufficient and/or poor quality feed and management. Internal parasites can have severe impacts on animal production and are a common problem in eastern Indonesia due to poor hygiene and management practices. Prevalence, or the ratio of number of worm infestation occurrences, in the cattle population is high in West Nusa Tenggara. Astiti et al. (2011) reported prevalence levels of 81% in some area of Sumbawa Island and Astiti and Panjaitan (2011) found prevalence levels of 78% in some areas of Lombok Island where cattle were housed all day under cut-and-carry feeding system. There is currently no information on worm burdens in smallholder fattening enterprises as previous investigations have focused on smallholder breeding cattle. The objectives of this study were to determine the status of internal parasite infections in Bali bulls being fattened with forage tree legumes under smallholder conditions and to observe the efficacy of current control practices. It was hypothesised that forage tree legumes may provide some control of gastrointestinal parasites if they contain condensed tannins and if leafy branches for feeding cattle are harvested from \u3e 2 m above ground level where they are unlikely to harbor parasites

Growth of Bali Bulls Fattened with Forage Tree Legumes in Eastern Indonesia: Leucaena leucocephala in Sumbawa

The contribution of West Nusa Tenggara Province to domestic beef supply in Indonesia is relatively small, however, beef cattle are very important for the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the region. Bali cattle (Boss javanicus) are the predominant breed as they are adapted to harsh nutritional conditions, are highly fertile and have low calf mortality (Toelihere 2003). While genetically capable of achieving a growth rate of 0.85 kg/d (Mastika 2003), Panjaitan (2012) identified poor nutrition as a severe limitation to animal growth in traditional village systems. Improving feed quality and supply is vital to increasing growth rates and product quality. Forage tree legumes such as leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) offer the best chance of providing high quality feed to fatten Bali bulls in village systems where leucaena is well-adapted. Indeed, the feeding of leucaena has been practiced for about two decades in Sumbawa district of West Nusa Tenggara although the practice is limited to specific villages, mostly Balinese, even though farmers nearby have similar biophysical conditions and nutritional problems. The objective of this work was to characterize the best practices employed by farmers in Sumbawa that maximize growth rates by feeding leucaena so that their detailed knowledge can be passed onto other villagers in a pilot roll-out program (Kana Hau 2013)

Growth of Bali Bulls on Rations Containing \u3cem\u3eSesbania grandiflora\u3c/em\u3e in Central Lombok, Indonesia

The demand for meat in Indonesia is currently growing by up to 8% per year, with beef cattle fattening identified as a major livestock industry (Purwantara et al. 2012). Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) account for almost 27% of total beef cattle in Indonesia; they are the predominant breed in the eastern islands and are highly favoured by smallholder farmers for their high fertility, low calf mortality and generally higher price at markets (Purwantara et al. 2012). Lombok in west Nusa Tenggara is one of the biggest suppliers of Bali cattle in Indonesia. A major constraint to improving the overall productivity of Bali cattle is their slow growth rate, due to lack of readily available, inexpensive, high-quality protein sources. Fodder tree legumes, such as sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora), offer a fast-growing, low-cost source of protein (Evans and Rotar 1987). Farmers in Lombok have established a unique and productive integrated farming system by planting sesbania trees along the bunds of rice paddies, providing forage and timber without significantly compromising rice yield (Dahlanuddin and Shelton 2005). As only the central part of Lombok is intensively planted with sesbania, a collaborative project funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) is underway aiming to: (1) characterise the existing cattle fattening system; and (2) assess the impact of differing levels of sesbania feeding on the growth rate of Bali bulls from weaning to maturity (about 30 months old)

Barriers and Opportunities for the Use of Forage Tree Legumes in Smallholder Cattle Fattening Systems in Eastern Indonesia

Forage tree legumes (FTL) have existed in the Eastern Indonesian landscape since colonial traders introduced several species in the late 1800s. A specific effort was made to establish leucaena (Leucaena leucoephala) and sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora) for use as forage for cattle fattening at Amarasi in East Nusa Tenggara Province and Central Lombok in West Nusa Tenggara, in the 1970s (Yuksel et al. 1999; Dahlanuddin et al. 2005). Its spread within these provinces as potential forage to intensify cattle fattening systems, however, has been slow if not stagnant. In preparation for intensified efforts to encourage farmers in East and West Nusa Tenggara to grow and use FTLs for cattle fattening, we asked the question why successful FTL feeding practices by some communities had not spread widely to adjacent areas within the provinces. A situation analysis study was conducted in 2011-12 in East and West Nusa Tenggara Provinces aimed at identifying the barriers and opportunities for FTL use in smallholder cattle fattening systems. This paper describes the methodology of this study, its main findings and the implications for follow-up expansion of FTL innovations

UJI EFEKTIVITAS PREPARAT ANTHELMINTIK PADA SAPI BALI DI LOMBOK TENGAH

The Evaluation on Anthelmintik Effectivity fo Bali Cows in Central Lombok. The efficacy evaluation of 3 anthelminthics was conducted at Jeliman sub village, Karang Sidemen village, Batu Kliang Utarasub district, Central Lombok district, from March to June 2008. The aim of the study was to find out efficacy of the anthelmintic drug on Bali cows. Fifteen Bali aged 3-4 years were alocated randomly into 3 groups. The treatments were: administration of ivermectin 1% by sub cutan injection (I), administration albendazole orally (A), and administration of piperazine citrate orally (P). The doses of anthelmintic were based on factory recommended doses. Body weight of the Bali cows were estimated by body weight table. The results showed that 73.3% of Bali cows was infected with gastrointestinal parasite. The percentage of Ascaris sp, Bunostomum sp, Fischoederius sp. and Carmyerius sp, Mecistocirrus sp. and Cooperia sp is 63.6%; 54.5%; 27.3%, and 18.2%. The family of gastrointestinal parasite is from Ascarididae, Ancylostomatidae, Paramphistomatidae and Trycostrongylidae. Efficacy of anthelmintic drug is different to all species.The efficacy of anthelmintic drug I and A group is better than P group.Key words : Bali cows, efficacy, anthelminthicPengkajian efektivitas berbagai preparat anthelmintik telah dilaksanakan di Dusun Jeliman Desa Karang Sidemen Kecamatan Batukliang Utara Kabupaten Lombok Tengah dari bulan Maret sampai Juni tahun 2008. Pengkajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas preparat anthemintik pada sapi Bali betina di Dusun Jeliman Desa Karang Sidemen Lombok Tengah. Lima belas ekor sapi Bali betina berumur 3-4 tahun dipilih secara acak dan dibagi dalam tiga kelompok perlakuan. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah: Pemberian anthelmintik ivermectin dengan injeksi sub kutan (I), albendazole per oral (A) dan piperazine citrate peroral (P). Dosis anthelmintik yang diberikan disesuaikan dengan rekomendasi dosis dari masing-masing produk. Untuk memperkirakan  berat badan sapi dilakukan dengan pengukuran lingkar dada yang kemudian dikonversi menggunakan tabel berat badan sapi Bali. Hasil pengkajian didapatkan bahwa 73,3% sapi Bali terinfestasi oleh parasit gastrointestinal. Persentase dari spesies Ascaris sp, Bunostomum sp, Fischoederius sp, dan Carmyerius sp, Mecistocirrus sp dan Cooperia sp berturut-turut adalah 63,6%; 54,5%; 27,3% dan 18,2%. Parasit gastrointestinal yang ditemukan merupakan family Ascarididae, Ancylostomatidae, Paramphistomatidae dan Trycostrongylidae. Efektivitas obat anthelmintik berbeda-beda terhadap semua spesies cacing. Efektivitas obat dari perlakuan grup I dan A lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan group P.Kata kunci : Sapi bali betina, efektivitas, anthelminti

Prospects on Cattle Based Crop-Livestock Systems for The Irrigated Paddy Field in Lombok

Grouped livestock management is one of the characteristic animals raising in Lombok. In the year of 2000, there were 1096 farmers' group that had a very potential opportunity to optimize the livestock productions through the crop-livestock systems approach. The assessment of this approach for the irrigated paddy field area has being conducted in the village of Sepakok, sub- district of Pringgarata, district of Lombok Tengah. The objective of the study was to improve the efficiency and sustainability of the crop-livestock system as well as environmentally friendly issues. A total of 112 household farmers were involved in the study, joined in the "Gerak Maju" group farmer with 334 head of cattles and 35 ha paddy filed. Improving farming systems efficiency has been implemented through the technology introduction of rice straw fermentation as cattle feeds, the use of Progesterone Intravaginal Sponges (PIS) for estrous synchronization and compost processing as well as its uses for crips. The results has shown that fermented rice straw could be used as basal feed, given ad-libitum and 5% of native grass from the body weight yield an average daily gain of 290 gr. The use of fermented rice straw has decreased the straw-field in the field after harvesting period, so that it could be storage and used them for the dry season. The use of manure compost could reduce the production cost for anorganic fertilizer and weed. It significantly affected to the vegetative growth of some horticultures. Part of the compost production has been marketed in some areas to give additional income of the farmers. The crop-livestock system approach with cattle based in the irrigated paddy field was recognized as one of the potential systems that could be impemented in Lombok as well as other region with the same agro-ecological zone.   Key words: Crop-livestock systems, fermented rice straw, compos

Prevalence of DHP Toxicity and Detection of \u3cem\u3eS. jonesii\u3c/em\u3e in Ruminants Consuming \u3cem\u3eLeucaena leucocephala\u3c/em\u3e in Eastern Indonesia

Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) is a productive forage tree legume widely used in eastern Indonesia. While highly nutritious, it possesses the toxin mimosine which adversely affects animal production. In ruminants, mimosine is readily converted to the two isomers of dihydroxypyridine (3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP) known to cause goitre, suppress appetite, and cause severe mineral deficiencies. These adverse symptoms may be partially responsible for the reluctance of some farmers to feed leucaena. A bacterium capable of complete degradation of DHP, Synergistes jonesii, originally discovered in Hawaii in goats consuming leucaena (Jones and Megarrity 1986), was later found in Indonesia which led to the assumption that all Indonesian ruminants were protected from leucaena toxicity even on 100% leucaena diets. The objective of this study, conducted during October-November 2011, was to confirm this hypothesis via an extensive survey of the toxicity status of ruminants consuming leucaena in eastern Indonesia