Ruthenium oxide-carbon-based nanofiller-reinforced conducting polymer nanocomposites and their supercapacitor applications.

In this review article, we have presented for the first time the new applications of supercapacitor technologies and working principles of the family of RuO2-carbon-based nanofiller-reinforced conducting polymer nanocomposites. Our review focuses on pseudocapacitors and symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors. Over the last years, the supercapacitors as a new technology in energy storage systems have attracted more and more attention. They have some unique characteristics such as fast charge/discharge capability, high energy and power densities, and long stability. However, the need for economic, compatible, and easy synthesis materials for supercapacitors have led to the development of RuO2-carbon-based nanofiller-reinforced conducting polymer nanocomposites with RuO2. Therefore, the aim of this manuscript was to review RuO2-carbon-based nanofiller-reinforced conducting polymer nanocomposites with RuO2 over the last 17 years

RuO2-TiO2 coated titanium anodes obtained by the sol-gel procedure and their electrochemical behaviour in the chlorine evolution reaction

TiO2 and RuO2 sols were obtained from RuCl3 and TiCl3 aqueous solutions by condensation and forced hydrolysis at elevated temperature. The Ti supported coatings were obtained by the sol-gel method using a sol mixture in which the metal content was Ru(40%)-Ti(60%). The crystal structure of the solid phase of the sols and their mixtures was examined by S-ray diffraction. The surface and morphology of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. Polarization measurements and cyclic voltammetry were used to obtain information about the electrochemical properties of the obtained anodes. An accelerated corrosion test was applied to quantify the anode stability for the chlorine evolution reaction. A stability comparison of the anodes shows a considerably higher lifetime for sol-gel coated anodes than for those obtained by the usual thermal decomposition method. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.1st International Conference of the Chemical Societies of South-East European Countries, 1998, Halkidiki, Greec

The Literary Exile Of Joseph Brodsky

Nobel Prize Laureate Joseph Brodsky is a key figure in Soviet Russian literature. Expelled from the USSR in 1972, he became a US citizen in 1977 and Poet Laureate of the United States in 1991. In this essay, I have sought to examine the state of exile perceived in Brodsky’s poems. Using Russian literary critic Viktor Shklovsky’s concept of defamiliarization, I have strived to illuminate the formal composition of this state – its technique. This formalist approach, however, has one flaw: it fails to acknowledge the fact that the literature of exile, as pointed out by Edward Said, must never be reduced to mere ‘text’ in the narrow, technical sense. In consequence, the study of such literatures must seek to reconcile text and experience, literature and life. I thus hope that, while focusing mainly on the artistic creation of a state of exile within the text, this study may also shed some light on the extra-textual qualities of the literature of exile