Effects of Climate Change on the Distribution of Influenza Virus in Indonesia in 2012-2013

Background: Influenza is a disease that occurs throughout the year in Indonesia. Surveillance of ILI (Influenza-Like Illness) has been ongoing since 2006, but information on the effect of climate change on the distribution of influenza virus in Indonesia is still limited. This study aims to determine the distribution pattern of influenza due to climate change in Indonesia in 2012-2013.Methods: This study used ILI surveillance data for year2012-2013. All sentinel ILI divided by rainfall zones (region A, B or C). ILI case data were analyzed based on the distribution of positive cases of influenza per month in each region.Results: The positive case of influenza in 2012 was 858 (22.4%) and 624 (23.3%) in 2013. The case of influenza in Indonesia in 2012-2013 fluctuated each month following the rain patterns.Conclusions: The pattern of distribution of ILI cases are different for each region according to the rainfall pattern in the area. (Health Science Indones 2014;2:78-82

Influenza Cases From Surveillance Acute Respiratory Infection in Indonesia, 2011

Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) or pneumonia has a major contribution in the morbidity and mortality, however, Indonesia still has lack of its epidemiology. The aim of the study is to know the epidemiological pattern of influenza virus as the etiology of SARI cases. Methods:This analysis based on the sentinel surveillanceSARI conducted by Center for Biomedical and Basic Technology of Health (CBBTH) of Indonesia carried out at nine hospitals in nine provinces in 2011.Every patient who met the criteria of SARI was included in this study. Serum, throat and nasal swabs were taken and examined at the Virology laboratory CBBTH to determine the etiology. RT-PCR was used to detect type and subtype of influenza viruses from swabs.Results: Total number of SARI cases were 333. We found 6% cases were influenza positive by RT-PCR. The proportion of influenza A was 5% and influenza B 1% from total SARI cases. We detected that seasonal influenza A subtype H1N1pdm09was the dominant subtypes that circulating in Indonesia.Conclusion: We foundseasonal Influenza infection from SARI patients, however, it was only small number. Therefore, further detection of SARI cases is needed. (Health Science Indones 2014;1:7-11

Upper Respiratory Tract Bacteria in Influenza-like Illness Cases in Indonesia Using Multiplex PCR Method

Background: ILI surveillance in Indonesia has been conducted since 2006, but no data on the bacteria can be detected and caused ILI has been obtained. Method: From March to December 2012, Center for Research on Biomedic and Basic Health Technology's laboratory was receiving throat and nose swab specimens from nine Public Health Centers appointed as the sentinels for ILI surveillance. These specimens were analyzed using multiplex PCR method, which detected six panels of bacteria. Results: 175 specimens taken from ILI patients contained three most frequently found species of bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=163), Haemophilus influenzae (n=146) andLegionella pneumophila (41). Conclusion: In ILI patients, there are several bacteria most frequently detected in upper respiratory tract such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Legionella pneumophila. (Health Science Indonesia 2013;2:83-6