Non-Sequential Double Ionization is a Completely Classical Photoelectric Effect

We introduce a unified and simplified theory of atomic double ionization. Our results show that at high laser intensities ($I \ge 10^{14}$ watts/cm$^2$) purely classical correlation is strong enough to account for all of the main features observed in experiments to date

Momentum Analysis in Strong-field Double Ionization

We provide a basis for the laser intensity dependence of the momentum distributions of electrons and ions arising from strong-field non-sequential double ionization (NSDI) at intensities in the range $I=1-6.5 \times 10^{14} W/cm^2$. To do this we use a completely classical method introduced previously \cite{ho-etal05}. Our calculated results reproduce the features of experimental observations at different laser intensities and depend on just two distinct categories of electon trajectories.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figure

Optimal Control of Industrial Assembly Lines

This paper discusses the problem of assembly line control and introduces an optimal control formulation that can be used to improve the performance of the assembly line, in terms of cycle time minimization, resources' utilization, etc. A deterministic formulation of the problem is introduced, based on mixed-integer linear programming. A simple numerical simulation provides a first proof of the proposed concept

Classical Effects of Laser Pulse Duration on Strong-field Double Ionization

We use classical electron ensembles and the aligned-electron approximation to examine the effect of laser pulse duration on the dynamics of strong-field double ionization. We cover the range of intensities $10^{14}-10^{16} W/cm^2$ for the laser wavelength 780 nm. The classical scenario suggests that the highest rate of recollision occurs early in the pulse and promotes double ionization production in few-cycle pulses. In addition, the purely classical ensemble calculation predicts an exponentially decreasing recollision rate with each subsequent half cycle. We confirm the exponential behavior by trajectory back-analysis

A revision on the effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as monotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder

Background. Insufficient effectiveness and a difficult tolerability profile of antidepressant drugs for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) have been reported, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been posited as reliable therapeutic alternatives. The present study investigated the efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs as monotherapy for MDD. Methods. Two well-trained reviewers independently looked at the most significant randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from the PubMed database regarding PUFAs' employment in MDD compared to placebo; "major depressive disorder"and "omega-3 fatty acids,"or "omega-6 fatty acids,"or "polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA),"or "n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,"or "eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),"or "docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)"were used as the medical subject keywords. Results. Of the initial 96 potential RCTs based on titles and abstracts, 82 studies did not meet the inclusion criteria and were excluded. Six studies were excluded from the remaining 14 after full text revision. Eight RCTs met all the inclusion/exclusion criteria without reporting clear evidence of PUFAs' effectiveness in the treatment of MDD. Conclusion. At present, there is no opportunity to recommend the use of omega-3 PUFAs monotherapy for the treatment of MDD, although their supplementation may be useful in some specific populations

Electrophysiological characterization of contact sites in brain mitochondria.

From morphological and biochemical studies it has been recognized that the regions where the outer and inner membranes of mitochondria come in close contact (contact sites) can be the route mechanism through which mitochondria interact directly with the cytoplasm. We have studied these regions electrophysiologically with the patch clamp technique, with the aim of understanding if this direct interaction is mediated by high conductance ion channels similar to the channel already detected in the inner membrane of mitochondria (Sorgato M. C., Keller, B. U., and Stühmer, W. (1987) Nature 330, 498-500). Contact sites isolated from rat brain mitochondria were thus incorporated into liposomes subsequently enlarged sufficiently to be patch clamped. This study shows that these particular fractions contain ion channels with conductances ranging from approximately 5 picosiemens to 1 nanosiemens (in symmetrical 150 mM KCl). Most of these channels are not voltage-dependent and can be open at physiological potentials sustained by respiring mitochondria. The lack of voltage sensitivity seems not to be the outcome of methodological artifacts, as voltage-gated channels are detected in giant liposomes containing either the outer mitochondrial membrane or a partially purified fraction of the inner mitochondrial membrane. These data therefore indicate that channels present in mitochondrial contact sites have properties which render them amenable to perform several of the functions hypothesized for these regions, particularly that of translocating macromolecules from the cytoplasm to the matrix of mitochondria

Energies and wave functions for a soft-core Coulomb potential

For the family of model soft Coulomb potentials represented by V(r) = -\frac{Z}{(r^q+\beta^q)^{\frac{1}{q}}}, with the parameters Z>0, \beta>0, q \ge 1, it is shown analytically that the potentials and eigenvalues, E_{\nu\ell}, are monotonic in each parameter. The potential envelope method is applied to obtain approximate analytic estimates in terms of the known exact spectra for pure power potentials. For the case q =1, the Asymptotic Iteration Method is used to find exact analytic results for the eigenvalues E_{\nu\ell} and corresponding wave functions, expressed in terms of Z and \beta. A proof is presented establishing the general concavity of the scaled electron density near the nucleus resulting from the truncated potentials for all q. Based on an analysis of extensive numerical calculations, it is conjectured that the crossing between the pair of states [(\nu,\ell),(\nu',\ell')], is given by the condition \nu'\geq (\nu+1) and \ell' \geq (\ell+3). The significance of these results for the interaction of an intense laser field with an atom is pointed out. Differences in the observed level-crossing effects between the soft potentials and the hydrogen atom confined inside an impenetrable sphere are discussed.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, title change, minor revision

Évaluation de l'âge et de la croissance de l'anguille européenne (Anguilla anguilla L.) en milieu continental : méthodologies, validation, application en Méditerranée et comparaisons en Europe

L'âge individuel de l'anguille en milieu continental est toujours un paramètre difficile à évaluer. Actuellement, seule l'otolithométrie est utilisée. Une description rapide des techniques de préparation et d'observation des otolithes, de leurs avantages et de leurs inconvénients, est donnée : observation in toto, ponçage, lames minces, brûlage, coloration, microscopie électronique à balayage, analyse chimique et analyse d'images. Elles sont axées sur l'interprétation des marques de croissance saisonnières. Malgré la diversité de ces méthodes, le choix d'une méthode fiable et universelle est difficile. De plus, les applications doivent être examinées et validées en fonction de chaque population de cette espèce dont la plasticité adaptative est remarquable. Les expériences de validation des estimations de l'âge (connaissance exacte des rythmes de dépôts de marques identifiées) à partir des otolithes sont peu nombreuses dans la littérature. Deux expériences de ce type sont présentées pour des populations méditerranéennes : une validation directe, par marquage individuel à la tétracycline dans un étang naturel de Camargue, et une validation indirecte, par observation de l'apparition marginale des marques de croissance au cours du temps pour des populations du Languedoc (étang saumâtre) et de Camargue (canal dulçaquicole). Ces expériences ont permis de déterminer précisément la séquence de formation des marques de croissance sur les otolithes ainsi que leur identification en fonction du mode de préparation. Une zone opaque large se forme principalement au printemps, une zone hyaline large se dépose pendant les mois estivaux, et une «ligne d'arrêt de croissance» chromophile correspond à la période hivernale. Ces marques sont donc utilisables pour estimer l'âge des anguilles en région méditerranéenne. Il existe cependant une très grande variabilité des structures de croissance, des rythmes de dépôt et de la morphométrie des otolithes. Cette variabilité est présente au niveau des individus de la même population mais aussi entre les populations. Ces résultats aboutissent à une notion d'écotype pour les otolithes d'anguille : l'écotype est en relation avec le milieu colonisé par l'individu et semble être fonction de la salinité et probablement du niveau trophique ; il retrace aussi l'histoire individuelle. Ces variabilités interviennent directement sur la croissance des individus. Les croissances individuelles dans les milieux méditerranéens saumâtre et dulçaquicole ont été mesurées et comparées entre elles et avec la littérature. La croissance en milieu saumâtre est nettement plus importante que celle en milieu d'eau douce

Comparison of cerebellar grey matter alterations in bipolar and cerebellar patients: evidence from Voxel-based analysis

The aim of this study was to compare the patterns of cerebellar alterations associated with bipolar disease with those induced by the presence of cerebellar neurodegenerative pathologies to clarify the potential cerebellar contribution to bipolar affective disturbance. Twenty-nine patients affected by bipolar disorder, 32 subjects affected by cerebellar neurodegenerative pathologies, and 37 age-matched healthy subjects underwent a 3T MRI protocol. A voxel-based morphometry analysis was used to show similarities and differences in cerebellar grey matter (GM) loss between the groups. We found a pattern of GM cerebellar alterations in both bipolar and cerebellar groups that involved the anterior and posterior cerebellar regions (p = 0.05). The direct comparison between bipolar and cerebellar patients demonstrated a significant difference in GM loss in cerebellar neurodegenerative patients in the bilateral anterior and posterior motor cerebellar regions, such as lobules I-IV, V, VI, VIIIa, VIIIb, IX, VIIb and vermis VI, while a pattern of overlapping GM loss was evident in right lobule V, right crus I and bilateral crus II. Our findings showed, for the first time, common and different alteration patterns of specific cerebellar lobules in bipolar and neurodegenerative cerebellar patients, which allows us to hypothesize a cerebellar role in cognitive and mood dysregulation symptoms that characterize bipolar disorde

Theory of mind profile and cerebellar alterations in remitted bipolar disorder 1 and 2: a comparison study

The literature on social cognition abilities in bipolar disorder (BD) is controversial about the occurrence of theory of mind (ToM) alterations. In addition to other cerebral structures, such as the frontal and limbic areas, the processing of socially relevant stimuli has also been attributed to the cerebellum, which has been demonstrated to be involved in the abovementioned disorder. Nevertheless, the cerebellar contribution to ToM deficits in bipolar patients needs to be elucidated further. To this aim, two tests assessing different components of ToM were used to evaluate the ability to appreciate affective and mental states of others in 17 individuals with a diagnosis of BD type 1 (BD1) and 13 with BD type 2 (BD2), both in the euthymic phase, compared to healthy matched controls. Cerebellar grey matter (GM) volumes were extracted and compared between BD1 and controls and BD2 and controls by using voxel-based morphometry. The results showed that BD1 patients were compromised in the cognitive and advanced components of ToM, while the BD2 ToM profile resulted in a more widespread compromise, also involving affective and automatic components. Both overlapping and differing areas of cerebellar GM reduction were found. The two groups of patients presented a pattern of GM reduction in cerebellar portions that are known to be involved in the affective and social domains, such as the vermis and Crus I and Crus II. Interestingly, in both BD1 and BD2, positive correlations were detected between lower ToM scores and decreased volumes in the cerebellum. Overall, BD2 patients showed a more compromised ToM profile and greater cerebellar impairment than BD1 patients. The different pattern of structural abnormalities may account for the different ToM performances evidenced, thus leading to divergent profiles between BD1 and BD2