Qualitative survey on artificial intelligence integrated blockchain approach for 6G and beyond

Abstract Utilizing the 0.1 to 10 THz spectrum in the next-generation wireless communication networks holds potential for futuristic applications. However, managing resources to accommodate numerous devices raises privacy and security concerns. Further, technology proliferation entwines devices, infrastructure complexity, and resources. Indeed, the transition from 5G (fifth-generation) to 6G (sixth-generation) signifies a progression towards high-speed data rates, minimal latency, and seamless integration of artificial intelligence, enabling ground-breaking applications and services. However, it complicates network management, privacy, resource allocation, and data processing. Notably, integrating Blockchain Technology (BCT) and Machine Learning (ML) is a promising solution, enhancing security, decentralization, trust in ML decisions, and efficient data sharing. This survey thoroughly reviews the integrated ML and BCT, showcasing their collaborative enhancement of network security, decentralization, trust in ML decisions, immutability, and efficient model sharing. Furthermore, we also delve into various distinctive topics, such as BCT-enabled spectrum refarming, rate splitting multiple access, 6G radar-based communication, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, visible light communication, and integrated sensing and communication. Moreover, it also explores the integration of ML and BCT in novel 6G communication technologies, including molecular, holographic, and semantic communication. Finally, critical open issues, challenges, solutions, and futuristic scope are identified for forthcoming researchers