Prevention Mechanism on DDOS Attacks by using Multilevel Filtering of Distributed Firewalls

In the past decade, it has been found that DDoS has proved to be the most dangerous attack. IP spoofing is one of the kinds of DDoS attack which is emerging as a big threat in today’s world of technology. The Proposed Framework is a unique technique composed of distributed firewalls and hop count based filtering, it can be used to prevent such kind of DDoS attack. At The primary level, distributed firewalls filters the IP addresses which can be either Internet or Intranet. Along with this it also provide various other advantages such as reducing the dependency of network topology. At secondary level, hop count and TTL based filtering provides more secure level of filtration. In this paper, we have proposed a new framework which reduces the limitations of previous conventional techniques. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15032

Gradual distraction for treatment of severe knee flexion contractures using the Ilizarov’s apparatus

Background: Knee flexion contractures result in a significant amount of functional disability due to reduced mobility and limb length discrepancy. Treatment options include non-surgical methods like serial casting, dynamic splinting and traction or surgical methods like osteotomies and soft tissue procedures. External fixation has emerged as a highly successful means of achieving controlled gradual correction of joint contractures with low rates of complications including recurrence. The aim of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome in terms of residual deformity and change in ambulatory status following correction using the Ilizarov’s apparatus.Methods: 12 patients with knee flexion contractures ranging from 20°-70° underwent correction using the Ilizarov’s external fixator (IEF). The use of simple mathematic formulae enabled us to calculate and estimate the rate and duration of distraction. End results were assessed at one year by the residual contracture as: Excellent: 0-5°, Good: 6-15°, Fair: 16-30° and Poor: >30°.Results: The functional assessment was graded as excellent in 7, good in 4 and fair in 1 out of 12 patients. All patients were independent ambulators and only 1 out of 12 patients required an additional orthosis for maintenance of the correction.Conclusions: The IEF is a safe and precise modality even for the most complex contractures of the knee. Accurate placement of the hinges along the center of rotation of the knee avoids undue subluxation of the tibia during correction. In order to ensure a low rate of complications, it is imperative to have a detailed pre-operative plan and all principles of fixation should be meticulously adhered to.

Deamidation of Human γS-Crystallin Increases Attractive Protein Interactions: Implications for Cataract

Deamidation of proteins is one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications found upon aging, and in age-onset diseases. Specific asparagine and glutamine residues are often selectively deamidated during this process. In the human lens, deamidation has been shown to occur in many crystallins, but it is not clear how these deamidated proteins lead to lens opacity or cataract. Here we have modeled <i>in vitro</i> the effect of deamidation of specific asparagine and glutamine residues in human recombinant γS-crystallin (HGS) on the solution properties of the protein. The residues selected for deamidation <i>in vitro</i> are those that are found to be deamidated in aged and cataractous lenses <i>in vivo</i>. Two derivatives were prepared, one with Asn76 and Asn143 deamidated (2N-HGS) and the other with two additional Gln residues (92 and 120) deamidated (2N2Q-HGS). Isoelectric focusing measurements showed the expected lowering of the pI from 6.9 in HGS to ∼6.5 in 2N-HGS and to ∼6.1 in 2N2Q-HGS. However, spectroscopic studies showed no significant change in the secondary and tertiary structures of the deamidated proteins relative to the wild type. The stability of 2N-HGS and 2N2Q-HGS, as measured by guanidinium hydrochloride unfolding, also remained comparable to that of HGS. The main difference was the altered protein–protein interaction among the three proteins. The net repulsive interactions that are characteristic of HGS are diminished in the deamidated derivatives as evidenced by static light scattering measurements of the second virial coefficient, <i>B</i>₂ (<i>B</i>₂ values for HGS, 2N-HGS, and 2N2Q-HGS of 8.90 × 10^–4, 7.10 × 10^–4, and 6.65 × 10^–4 mL mol g^–2, respectively). Further substantiation is provided by estimates of the excess binding energy of protein–protein interactions in the condensed phase, obtained from measurements of the PEG-induced liquid–liquid phase separation profiles for the three proteins. The data suggest that enhanced attractive protein–protein interactions, arising from the deamidation of HGS, promote protein aggregation, thereby leading to increased light scattering and opacity over time

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Structure of a Major Lens Protein, Human gamma C-Crystallin: Role of the Dipole Moment in Protein Solubility

A hallmark of the crystallin proteins is their exceptionally high solubility, which is vital for maintaining the high refractive index of the eye lens. Human gamma C-crystallin is a major gamma-crystallin whose mutant forms are associated with congenital cataracts but whose three-dimensional structure is not known. An earlier study of a homology model concluded that human gamma C-crystallin has low intrinsic solubility, mainly because of the atypical magnitude and fluctuations of its dipole moment. On the contrary, the high-resolution tertiary structure of human gamma C-crystallin determined here shows unequivocally that it is a highly soluble, monomeric molecule in solution. Notable differences between the orientations and interactions of several side chains are observed upon comparison to those in the model. No evidence of the pivotal role ascribed to the effect of dipole moment on protein solubility was found. The nuclear magnetic resonance structure should facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the deleterious effects of cataract-associated mutations in human gamma C-crystallin

Tuberculin purified protein derivative immunotherapy in the treatment of viral warts

Introduction: Viral warts are caused by human papillomavirus. Although various treatment modalities are available, many of them result in the partial clearance of warts or recurrence. Immunotherapy has been tried in the recent times with variable success rates. We undertook a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy using tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) for the treatment of viral warts. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 patients were included in the study. Each patient was injected with 10 TU of tuberculin PPD (0.1 ml) intralesionally in the largest wart at 2 weekly interval. A total of maximum six treatment sessions were conducted. Resolution of viral warts was considered as the clinical end point of the study. The clinical assessment was done by photographic measurements at baseline, before each treatment session, and 3 weeks after the completion of treatment. Results: A total of 62.2% patients (28 out of 45) showed complete clearance at injected and distant warts, eight patients (17.8%) showed partial clearance, and nine patients (20%) showed no improvement. No significant side effects were observed except for localized hair loss around injected viral wart over the scalp. Conclusion: Tuberculin PPD immunotherapy was found to be a safe and effective treatment modality for the treatment of viral warts