1,530 research outputs found
Stochastic simulation framework for the Limit Order Book using liquidity motivated agents
In this paper we develop a new form of agent-based model for limit order
books based on heterogeneous trading agents, whose motivations are liquidity
driven. These agents are abstractions of real market participants, expressed in
a stochastic model framework. We develop an efficient way to perform
statistical calibration of the model parameters on Level 2 limit order book
data from Chi-X, based on a combination of indirect inference and
multi-objective optimisation. We then demonstrate how such an agent-based
modelling framework can be of use in testing exchange regulations, as well as
informing brokerage decisions and other trading based scenarios
Survival Models for the Duration of Bid-Ask Spread Deviations
Many commonly used liquidity measures are based on snapshots of the state of
the limit order book (LOB) and can thus only provide information about
instantaneous liquidity, and not regarding the local liquidity regime. However,
trading in the LOB is characterised by many intra-day liquidity shocks, where
the LOB generally recovers after a short period of time. In this paper, we
capture this dynamic aspect of liquidity using a survival regression framework,
where the variable of interest is the duration of the deviations of the spread
from a pre-specified level. We explore a large number of model structures using
a branch-and-bound subset selection algorithm and illustrate the explanatory
performance of our model
Liquidity commonality does not imply liquidity resilience commonality: A functional characterisation for ultra-high frequency cross-sectional LOB data
We present a large-scale study of commonality in liquidity and resilience
across assets in an ultra high-frequency (millisecond-timestamped) Limit Order
Book (LOB) dataset from a pan-European electronic equity trading facility. We
first show that extant work in quantifying liquidity commonality through the
degree of explanatory power of the dominant modes of variation of liquidity
(extracted through Principal Component Analysis) fails to account for heavy
tailed features in the data, thus producing potentially misleading results. We
employ Independent Component Analysis, which both decorrelates the liquidity
measures in the asset cross-section, but also reduces higher-order statistical
dependencies.
To measure commonality in liquidity resilience, we utilise a novel
characterisation as the time required for return to a threshold liquidity
level. This reflects a dimension of liquidity that is not captured by the
majority of liquidity measures and has important ramifications for
understanding supply and demand pressures for market makers in electronic
exchanges, as well as regulators and HFTs. When the metric is mapped out across
a range of thresholds, it produces the daily Liquidity Resilience Profile (LRP)
for a given asset. This daily summary of liquidity resilience behaviour from
the vast LOB dataset is then amenable to a functional data representation. This
enables the comparison of liquidity resilience in the asset cross-section via
functional linear sub-space decompositions and functional regression. The
functional regression results presented here suggest that market factors for
liquidity resilience (as extracted through functional principal components
analysis) can explain between 10 and 40% of the variation in liquidity
resilience at low liquidity thresholds, but are less explanatory at more
extreme levels, where individual asset factors take effect
Trends in crypto-currencies and blockchain technologies: A monetary theory and regulation perspective
The internet era has generated a requirement for low cost, anonymous and
rapidly verifiable transactions to be used for online barter, and fast settling
money have emerged as a consequence. For the most part, e-money has fulfilled
this role, but the last few years have seen two new types of money emerge.
Centralised virtual currencies, usually for the purpose of transacting in
social and gaming economies, and crypto-currencies, which aim to eliminate the
need for financial intermediaries by offering direct peer-to-peer online
payments.
We describe the historical context which led to the development of these
currencies and some modern and recent trends in their uptake, in terms of both
usage in the real economy and as investment products. As these currencies are
purely digital constructs, with no government or local authority backing, we
then discuss them in the context of monetary theory, in order to determine how
they may be have value under each. Finally, we provide an overview of the state
of regulatory readiness in terms of dealing with transactions in these
currencies in various regions of the world
Acute Ingestion of a Commercially Available Pre-workout Supplement Improves Anaerobic Power Output and Reduces Muscular Fatigue
The effect of a pre-workout supplement on anaerobic power output and muscular fatigue was examined. 18 participants took part in this double-blinded crossover study, reporting for testing on 3 occasions. Participants completed a 6x6 second repeated sprint test, with 20s recovery between sprints. Anaerobic power output was recorded as the highest power achieved during sprint test. Muscular fatigue was reported as a fatigue index across the six sprints ((maximum power – minimum power) ÷ total sprint time). During a baseline visit, participants consumed 250ml of water 30 minutes prior to testing, whilst in subsequent visits a taste-matched placebo (250ml water mixed with sugar-free juice) or a pre-workout supplement (250ml water mixed with one serving of ‘THE PRE’ myprotein.com). Anaerobic power output increased following pre-workout ingestion (pre-workout supplement, 885.8 ± 216.9W; Placebo, 853.6 ± 206.5W; Baseline, 839.3 ± 192.6W). Baseline vs pre-workout supplement (p = 0.01, g = 0.30); Placebo vs pre-workout supplement (p = 0.01, g = 0.20); Baseline vs Placebo (p = 0.59 g = 0.09). Muscular fatigue was reduced following pre-workout ingestion (Baseline, 4.92 ± 1.83W.s; Placebo, 4.39 ± 1.93W.s; pre-workout supplement, 3.31 ± 1.34W.s). Baseline vs pre-workout supplement (p = < 0.01 g = 0.98); Placebo vs pre-workout supplement (p = 0.01, g = 0.63); Baseline vs Placebo (p = 0.20, g = 0.28). Acute ingestion of a pre-workout supplement significantly improves anaerobic power output and attenuates muscular fatigue during repeated sprint cycling
THE PREVALENCE OF BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING COSMETIC SURGERY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a somatoform disorder characterised by a distressing obsession with an imagined or slight
appearance defect, which can significantly impair normal day-to-day functioning. Patients with BDD often first present, and are
hence diagnosed, in cosmetic surgery settings. Several studies have investigated the prevalence rate of BDD in the general
population or have done so for patients referring to cosmetic medical centers. To date, however, no review has been undertaken to
compare the prevalence in the general community versus in a cosmetic surgery setting. Despite the lack of such a review it is a
commonly held belief that BDD is more common in patients seeking cosmetic surgery. The current study aims to review the available
literature in order to investigate whether BDD is indeed more prevalent in patients requesting cosmetic surgery, and if that is the
case, to provide possible reasons for the difference in prevalence. In addition this review provides evidence on the effectiveness of
cosmetic surgery as a treatment of BDD
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