Development of computerized simulation model on phosphor materials detectors of medical imaging by Monte Carlo methods

The intrinsic phosphor properties are of significant importance for the performance of phosphor screens used in medical imaging systems. In previous analytical theoretical and Monte Carlo studies on granular phosphor materials values of optical properties and light interaction cross sections were found by fitting to experimental data. These values were then employed for the assessment of phosphor screen imaging performance. However it was found that depending on the experimental technique and fitting methodology the optical parameters of a specific phosphor material varied within a wide range of values i.e. variations of light scattering with respect to light absorption coefficients were often observed for the same phosphor material In this study x-ray and light transport within granular phosphor materials were studied by developing a computational model using Monte Carlo methods. The model was based on the intrinsic physical characteristics of the phosphor. Input values required to feed the model can be easily obtained from tabulated data. The complex refractive index was introduced and microscopic probabilities for light interactions were produced using Mie scattering theory. Model validation was earned out by comparing model results on x-ray and light parameters (x-ray absorption statistical fluctuations in the x-ray to light conversion process number of emitted light photons output light spatial distribution) with previous published experimental data on Gd₂O₂S:Tb phosphor material (Kodak Min R screen). Results showed the dependence of the modulation transfer function (MTF) on phosphor gram size and material packing density. It was predicted that granular Gd₂O₂S:Tb screens of high packing density and small gram size may exhibit considerably better resolution and light emission properties than the conventional Gd₂O₂S:Tb screens under similar conditions (x-ray incident energy screen thickness).Οι ενδογενείς ιδιότητες των φθοριζόντων υλικών ανιχνευτών ιατρικής απεικόνισης, παίζουν πολύ σημαντικό ρόλο στην απόδοση των ενισχυτικών πινακίδων που χρησιμοποιούνται σε ιατρικά απεικονιστικά συστήματα. Σε προηγούμενες μελέτες φθοριζόντων υλικών κοκκώδους μορφής, είτε με αναλυτικές μεθόδους είτε με τεχνικές Monte Carlo, οι τιμές των οπτικών παραμέτρων καθώς και οι πιθανότητες αλληλεπίδρασης του φωτός υπολογίστηκαν με τη βοήθεια τεχνικών προσαρμογής (fitting) σε πειραματικά δεδομένα. Ωστόσο, είχε παρατηρηθεί ότι στηριζόμενοι σε πειραματικά δεδομένα και τεχνικές προσαρμογής, οι οπτικοί παράμετροι ενός συγκεκριμένου υλικού μεταβάλλονται εντός ενός σημαντικού εύρους τιμών (π.χ. είχαν δημοσιευτεί, για το ίδιο πάχος υλικού διαφορετικές τιμές ενεργούς διατομής οπτικής σκέδασης). Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή αναπτύχθηκε ένα υπολογιστικό μοντέλο προσομοίωσης φθοριζόντων υλικών κοκκώδους μορφής, με τεχνικές Monte Carlo, με σκοπό τη μελέτη διάδοσης των ακτίνων-χ και του φωτός. Το μοντέλο στηρίχθηκε μόνο στις φυσικές ιδιότητες των φθοριζόντων υλικών. Κάνοντας χρήση της θεωρίας σκέδασης Mie και με τη βοήθεια του μιγαδικού συντελεστή διάθλασης των υλικών, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν μικροσκοπικές πιθανότητες αλληλεπίδρασης του φωτός. Η εγκυρότητα του μοντέλου πιστοποιήθηκε συγκρίνοντας αποτελέσματα (π.χ. ποσοστό απορρόφησης ακτίνων-χ, στατιστική κατανομή μετατροπής των ακτίνων-χ σε φωτόνια φωτός, αριθμός εκπεμπόμενων οπτικών φωτονίων, κατανομή του φωτός στην έξοδο του ανιχνευτή) με δημοσιευμένα πειραματικά δεδομένα για το φθορίζον υλικό Gd₂O₂S:Tb (ενισχυτική πινακίδα τύπου Kodak Min-R). Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν την εξάρτηση της συνάρτησης μεταφοράς διαμόρφωσης (MTF) από το μέγεθος του κόκκου και από τον αριθμό των κόκκων ανά μονάδα μάζας (πακετοποιημένη πυκνότητα: packing density). Προβλέφθηκε ότι ενισχυτικές πινακίδες με φθορίζον υλικό υψηλού αριθμού κόκκων ανά μονάδα όγκου και χαμηλής τιμής μεγέθους κόκκου μπορούν να παρουσιάσουν καλύτερη απόδοση ως προς την ποσότητα και την κατανομή του εκπεμπόμενου φωτός σε σχέση με τις συμβατικές ενισχυτικές πινακίδες, κάτω απ’ τις ίδιες πειραματικές συνθήκες (π.χ. ενέργεια ακτίνων-χ, πάχος ενισχυτικής πινακίδας)

Higher Education of Biomedical Engineering in Greece: Undergraduate Students’ Outcomes from 1989 to 2019

This manuscript presents the educational evaluation performance of the BME department in Greece. The results are provided in terms of the (i) diploma degree and (ii) duration of studies, enumerating 1845 graduated students in total, over the past 30 years. The following conclusions can be drawn: (a) The mean grade value of all time was approximately 6.5; (b) the majority of students (59%) graduated after 7.4 study years with an average grade of 6.1; and (c) the most cost-effective degrees seem to be those that correspond to 5–6 study years for graduation

Computer-Aided Discrimination of Glaucoma Patients from Healthy Subjects Using the RETeval Portable Device

Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive eye disease affecting the optic nerve, which may cause visual damage and blindness. In this study, we present a machine-learning investigation to classify patients with glaucoma (case group) with respect to normal participants (control group). We examined 172 eyes at the Ophthalmology Clinic of the “Elpis” General Hospital of Athens between October 2022 and September 2023. In addition, we investigated the glaucoma classification in terms of the following: (a) eye selection and (b) gender. Our methodology was based on the features extracted via two diagnostic optical systems: (i) conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT) and (ii) a modern RETeval portable device. The machine-learning approach comprised three different classifiers: the Bayesian, the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), and Support Vectors Machines (SVMs). For all cases examined, classification accuracy was found to be significantly higher when using the RETeval device with respect to the OCT system, as follows: 14.7% for all participants, 13.4% and 29.3% for eye selection (right and left, respectively), and 25.6% and 22.6% for gender (male and female, respectively). The most efficient classifier was found to be the SVM compared to the PNN and Bayesian classifiers. In summary, all aforementioned comparisons demonstrate that the RETeval device has the advantage over the OCT system for the classification of glaucoma patients by using the machine-learning approach

Investigating the Structural and Functional Changes in the Optic Nerve in Patients with Early Glaucoma Using the Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and RETeval System

The present manuscript introduces an investigation of the structural and functional changes in the optic nerve in patients undergoing glaucoma treatment by comparing optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements and RETeval system parameters. For such a purpose, 140 eyes were examined at the Ophthalmology Clinic of the “Elpis” General Hospital of Athens between October 2022 and April 2023. A total of 59 out of 140 eyes were from patients with early glaucoma under treatment (case group), 63 were healthy eyes (control group) and 18 were excluded. The experimental measurements were statistically analyzed using the SPSS software package. The main outcomes are summarized below: (i) there was no statistical difference between the right and left eye for both groups, (ii) statistical differences were found between age interval subgroups (30–54 and 55–80 years old) for the control group, mainly for the time response part of the RETeval parameters. Such difference was not indicated by the OCT system, and (iii) a statistical difference occurred between the control and case group for both OCT (through the retinal nerve fiber layer–RNFL thickness) and the RETeval parameters (through the photopic negative response–PhNR). RNFL was found to be correlated to b-wave (ms) and W-ratio parameters. In conclusion, the PhNR obtained by the RETeval system could be a valuable supplementary tool for the objective examination of patients with early glaucoma

Phosphors and Scintillators in Biomedical Imaging

Medical imaging instrumentation is mostly based on the use of luminescent materials coupled to optical sensors. These materials are employed in the form of granular screens, structured crystals, single transparent crystals, ceramics, etc. Storage phosphors are also incorporated in particular X-ray imaging systems. The physical properties of these materials should match the criteria required by the detective systems employed in morphological and functional biomedical imaging. The systems are analyzed based on theoretical frameworks emanating from the linear cascaded systems theory as well as the signal detection theory. Optical diffusion has been studied by different methodological approaches, such as experimental measurements and analytical modeling, including geometrical optics and Monte Carlo simulation. Analysis of detector imaging performance is based on image quality metrics, such as the luminescence emission efficiency (LE), the modulation transfer function (MTF), the noise power spectrum (NPS), and the detective quantum efficiency (DQE). Scintillators and phosphors may present total energy conversion on the order of 0.001–0.013 with corresponding DQE in the range of 0.1–0.6. Thus, the signal-to-noise ratio, which is crucial for medical diagnosis, shows clearly higher values than those of the energy conversion

X-ray performance evaluation of the dexela cmos aps x-ray detector using monochromatic synchrotron radiation in the mammographic energy range

Digital detectors based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) technology have been introduced recently in many scientific applications. This work is focused on the X-ray performance evaluation of a novel CMOS APS detector in low energy medical imaging applications using monochromatic synchrotron radiation (i.e., 17-35 keV), which also allows studying how the performance varies with energy. The CMOS sensor was coupled to a Thallium-activated structured cesium iodide (CsI:Tl) scintillator and the detector's X-ray performance evaluation was carried out in terms of sensitivity, presampling modulation transfer function (pMTF), normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS) and the resulting detective quantum efficiency (DQE). A Monte Carlo simulation was used to validate the experimentally measured low frequency DQE. Finally, the effect of iodine's secondary generated K-fluorescence X-rays on pMTF and DQE results was evaluated. Good agreement (within 5%) was observed between the Monte Carlo and experimentally measured low frequency DQE results. A CMOS APS detector was characterized for the first time over a wide range of low energies covering the mammographic spectra. The detector's performance is limited mainly by the detectability of the scintillator. Finally, we show that the current data could be used to calculate the detector's pMTF, NNPS and DQE for any mammographic spectral shape within the investigated energies